Falsafa Bajamushe Immanuel Kant (1724 - 1804) yana cikin manyan hazikai masu zurfin tunani. Ya assasa sukar falsafa, wacce ta zama juyi ga ci gaban falsafar duniya. Wasu masu binciken ma sunyi imanin cewa za'a iya raba tarihin falsafa zuwa lokaci biyu - kafin Kant da bayan shi.
Yawancin ra'ayoyin Immanuel Kant sun yi tasiri a tafarkin ci gaban tunanin mutum. Falsafa ya hada dukkan tsarin da magabata suka kirkira, kuma ya gabatar da wasu nasa bayanan, daga inda tarihin falsafa na zamani ya fara. Mahimmancin ayyukan Kant ga dukkanin ilimin duniya yana da yawa.
Koyaya, a cikin tarin bayanai daga rayuwar Kant, kusan ba a la'akari da ra'ayoyinsa na falsafa. Wannan tarin shine ƙoƙari don nuna yadda Kant ya kasance a rayuwa. Bayan haka, hatta manyan masana falsafa dole ne su zauna a wani wuri kuma akan wani abu, su ci wani abu kuma suyi sadarwa tare da wasu mutane.
1. Immanuel Kant tun asali an rubuta shi ne don ya zama sirdi. Mahaifin yaron, wanda aka haifa da wayewar gari a ranar 22 ga Afrilu, 1724, Johann Georg ya kasance mai ba da sadaka kuma ɗan maƙiyin. Mahaifiyar Immanuel Anna Regina ma tana da dangantaka da kayan doki - mahaifinta ya kasance mai doki. Mahaifin babban masanin falsafa na gaba ya kasance daga wani yanki a cikin yankin Baltic na yanzu, mahaifiyarsa 'yar asalin Nuremberg ce. An haifi Kant a daidai wannan shekarar da Königsberg - a cikin 1724 ne aka hade Königsberg sansanin soja da ƙauyuka da dama kusa da shi zuwa birni ɗaya.
2. Iyalin Kant sun yi iƙirarin bin Allah, wanda ya shahara sosai a wancan lokacin a Gabashin Turai - ƙungiyar addini wacce mabiyanta ke ƙoƙari don taƙawa da ɗabi'a, ba su mai da hankali sosai ga cika koyarwar cocin ba. Ofayan ɗayan kyawawan halayen Pietists shine aiki tuƙuru. Kants sun tarbiyyantar da yaransu ta hanyar da ta dace - Immanuel yana da ɗan'uwa da 'yan'uwa mata mata guda uku. Yayinda yake girma, Kant yayi magana da dumi danshi game da iyayensa da kuma yanayin cikin iyali.
3. Immanuel yayi karatu a mafi kyawun makaranta a Königsberg - Kwalejin Friedrich. Tsarin karatun wannan ma'aikata ba za a iya kiran shi mara hankali ba. Yaran ya kamata su kasance a makaranta da 6 na safe kuma suna karatu har zuwa 4 na yamma. Ranar da kowane darasi aka fara da addu'a. Sunyi karatun Latin (darussa 20 a mako guda), tiyoloji, lissafi, kiɗa, Girkanci, Faransanci, Yaren mutanen Poland da Ibrananci. Babu hutu, ranar hutu kawai ita ce Lahadi. Kant ya kammala karatu daga dakin motsa jiki na biyu a karatunsa.
4. Ba a koyar da ilimin kimiyyar ƙasa a cikin Friedrich Collegium. Kant ya gano duniyar su lokacin da ya shiga Jami'ar Königsberg a 1740. A wancan lokacin, babbar cibiya ce ta ilimi tare da kyakkyawan laburare da ƙwararrun furofesoshi. Bayan shekara bakwai na ƙwanƙwasawa a dakin motsa jiki, Immanuel ya koyi cewa ɗalibai za su iya kuma ma bayyana nasu tunanin. Ya zama mai sha'awar ilimin kimiyyar lissafi, wanda a lokacin yana daukar matakan farko. A shekarar sa ta hudu da karatu, Kant ya fara rubuta takarda a kimiyyar lissafi. Anan wani abin da ya faru wanda masu tarihin rayuwa ba sa son ambata. Kant ya yi rubutu na tsawon shekaru uku sannan ya buga shekaru hudu yana aikin da yake bayanin dogaro da kuzarin kuzarin jiki kan saurin sa. A halin yanzu, tun kafin Immanuel ya fara aikinsa, Jean D'Alembert ya bayyana wannan dogaro ta hanyar dabara F = mv2/ 2. Don ba da hujja ga Kant, ya kamata a ce saurin yaduwar ra'ayoyi kuma, gabaɗaya, musayar bayanai a ƙarni na 18 ya ragu ƙwarai. An sha sukar aikinsa sosai shekaru da yawa. Yanzu abin sha'awa ne kawai ta fuskar sauƙi da madaidaiciyar yaren Jamusanci wanda aka rubuta shi. Yawancin ayyukan kimiyya na wancan lokacin an rubuta su ne da Latin.
Jami'ar Königsberg
5. Koyaya, Kant kuma ya sha wahala ta hanyoyin sadarwa mara kyau. Yaɗa aikin babban aikinsa na farko, rubutun game da tsarin sararin samaniya tare da dogon taken muhimmaci a cikin lokaci da sadaukarwa ga Sarki Frederick II, an kama shi saboda bashin mai wallafa kuma ya ba da gudummawa kaɗan. A sakamakon haka, ana daukar Johann Lambert da Pierre Laplace a matsayin masu kirkirar ka'idar sararin samaniya. Amma an buga rubutun Kant a cikin 1755, yayin da ayyukan Lambert da Laplace suke a ranar 1761 da 1796.
Dangane da ka'idar sararin samaniya ta Kant, tsarin hasken rana ya samu ne daga gajimare mai kura
6. Bai kammala karatun Kant ba. Ana fassara karatun digiri daban. Wani ya maida hankali kan talauci - iyayen dalibin sun mutu, kuma dole ne yayi karatu ya rayu ba tare da wani tallafi ba, har ma ya taimakawa ‘yan uwansa mata. Kuma, watakila, Kant kawai ya gaji da rayuwar ɗaliban yunwa. Digiri na jami'a na lokacin ba shi da ma'anarta ta yanzu. Mutum, galibi, ana yi masa gaisuwa ne gwargwadon hankalinsa, wato, gwargwadon ikonsa na yin aiki. Kant ya fara aiki a matsayin malamin gida. Ayyukansa sun tashi da sauri. Da farko ya koyar da 'ya'yan wani fasto, sannan attajiri mai filaye, sannan ya zama malami ga yaran kirga. Aiki mai sauki, cikakken tsarin mulki, albashi mai kyau - me kuma ake buƙata don nutsuwa cikin kimiyya?
7. Rayuwar kansa na masanin falsafa tana da matsi sosai. Bai taba yin aure ba kuma, ga alama, bai shiga kusanci da mata ba. Aƙalla, mazaunan Königsberg sun gamsu da wannan, wanda daga nan Kant bai ci gaba ba ya wuce kilomita 50. Bugu da ƙari, ya taimaka wa 'yan'uwa mata a tsare, amma bai taɓa ziyartar su ba. Lokacin da daya daga cikin ‘yan’uwan ta zo gidansa, Kant ya nemi gafarar baƙi game da shisshigi da kuma ɗabi’unta.
8. Kant ya ba da labarinsa game da yawan duniyoyin da aka kwatanta da yanayin halayyar Turai a cikin karni na 18. Ya bayyana kwarkwata a kan mutum guda wanda ya gamsu da cewa kan da suke rayuwa shi ne duk duniyar da ke akwai. Wadannan kwarkwata sunyi mamaki matuka lokacin da kan ubangijinsu ya kusa da kan wani basarake - gashin kansa shima ya zama duniya ce. Daga nan aka kula da kwarkwata a cikin Turai kamar wani nau'in da ba a ba shi ba.
9. A shekarar 1755, Immanuel Kant ya sami damar koyarwa da kuma taken mataimakin farfesa a jami'ar Königsberg. Bai kasance da sauƙi ba. Na farko, ya gabatar da kundin karatunsa "A Wuta," wanda ya kasance kamar gwajin farko. Bayan haka, a ranar 27 ga Satumba, a gaban abokan hamayya guda uku daga garuruwa daban-daban, ya kare wani zancen kan ƙa'idodin farko na ilimin ilimin sifa. A karshen wannan kariyar, ana kiranta habilitation, Kant na iya gabatar da laccoci.
10. Malaman jami'a na yau da kullun basu taɓa yin zinare ba. Matsayi na farko na Kant bashi da tabbataccen albashi a hukumance - nawa ɗaliban ke biyan lacca, ya samu da yawa. Bugu da ƙari, ba a gyara wannan kuɗin ba - kamar yadda kowane ɗalibi yake so, ya biya da yawa. Idan aka yi la'akari da talaucin da ɗalibai za su dawwama, wannan yana nufin cewa albashin mai taimaka wa farfesa ɗan kaɗan ne. A lokaci guda, babu cancantar shekaru - Kant da kansa ya karɓi albashin farfesa na farko ne kawai shekaru 14 bayan fara aiki a jami'ar. Kodayake yana iya zama farfesa tuni a cikin 1756 bayan mutuwar abokin aiki, an rage wannan adadin kawai.
11. Sabon farfesan minted da aka zana ya koyar, ma'ana, yayi karatu sosai. Bugu da ƙari, ya ɗauki batutuwa daban-daban, amma ya zama daidai da ban sha'awa. Jadawalin lokacin aikinsa yayi kama da wannan: Hankula, Kanikanci, Metaphysics, Ilimin Kimiyyar lissafi, Lissafi, Nazarin Jiki. Tare da irin wannan ƙarfin aiki - har zuwa awanni 28 a mako - da shahara, Kant ya fara samun kuɗi mai kyau. A karo na farko a rayuwarsa, zai iya ɗaukar bawa.
12. Bajamusheren masanin kimiyya kuma masanin ilimin falsafa na lokaci-lokaci Emmanuel Swedenborg ya buga a 1756 aiki mai girma takwas, ba tare da cututtukan da ake kira "Sirrin Sama ba." Ba za a iya kiran aikin Swedenborg a mafi kyawun kasuwa ba har ma a tsakiyar ƙarni na 18 - saiti huɗu kawai na littafin aka siyar. Ofaya daga cikin kwafin da Kant ta saya. "Asirin abubuwan aljanna" sun burge shi sosai da zurfin fahimtarsa da kuma yadda yake magana har ya rubuta wani littafi gabaɗaya, yana ba'a abin da ke ciki. Wannan aikin yana da wuya a wancan lokacin na rayuwar mai falsafa - kawai bai sami lokaci ba. Amma don zargi da ba'a na Swedenborg, a bayyane yake, an sami lokaci.
13. A nasa ra'ayin, Kant ya kasance mafi kyau a laccoci game da yanayin ƙasa. A wancan lokacin, ba a koyar da ilimin ƙasa sosai a jami'o'i - ana ɗaukarsa cikakken ilimin kimiyya ne ga ƙwararru. Kant, a gefe guda, ya koyar da darasi a ilimin yanayin ƙasa da nufin faɗaɗa hangen nesan ɗalibai. Ganin cewa malamin ya samo dukkan iliminsa ne daga littattafai, wasu wurare daga littattafan suna da ban dariya. Yayin karatunsa, ya ba da onlyan mintuna kaɗan zuwa Rasha. Ya dauki Yenisei a matsayin iyakar Rasha ta zahiri. A cikin Volga akwai belugas - kifi da ke haɗiye duwatsu don nutsar da kansu cikin ruwa (Kant, a bayyane yake, ba shi da sha'awar tambayar inda belugas ya ɗauke su a saman kogin). A Siberia, kowa ya sha kuma ya ci taba, kuma Kant ya ɗauki Georgia a matsayin gandun daji don kyawawan abubuwa.
14. A ranar 22 ga Janairu, 1757, sojojin Rasha suka shiga Königsberg a tsawon Shekaru Bakwai na Moscow. Ga mutanen birni, gami da na Immanuel Kant, aikin yana nufin ɗaukar rantsuwa ne kawai ga Sarauniyar Rasha Elizabeth, ta canza alamun da kuma zane-zane a cikin cibiyoyi. Duk haraji da gatan Königsberg sun kasance yadda suke. Kant ya kuma yi ƙoƙarin neman matsayin farfesa a ƙarƙashin gwamnatin Rasha. A banza - sun fifita tsohon abokin aikinsa.
15. Immanuel Kant bai kasance mai rarrabewa da koshin lafiya ba. Koyaya, shekarun talauci sun taimaka masa don gano irin lafiyar da abinci mai gina jiki da za su ba shi damar tsawanta tsawan shekaru na aikin ƙoshin lafiya. A sakamakon haka, wasan Kant ya zama abin karin magana hatta tsakanin mafi yawan Jamusawa masu bin doka da oda. Misali, a cikin kasuwar Königsberg, babu wanda ya taɓa tambayar abin da tsohon soja-bawan Kant ya saya - ya kan sayi abu iri ɗaya. Ko da a cikin yanayin yankin Baltic mai tsananin sanyi, Kant ya yi atisayen a daidai lokacin da ya ƙayyade tare da madaidaiciyar hanyar da ta bi titunan garin. Masu wucewa sun nuna dabara, ba tare da kula da masanin ba, amma sun duba agogonsu a kan tafiyarsa. Rashin lafiya bai hana shi samun kyakkyawan ruhu da walwala ba. Kant da kansa ya lura da hankali game da hypochondria - matsala ce ta hankali idan mutum ya yi tunanin cewa yana rashin lafiya da kowace irin cuta. Humanungiyar ɗan adam ana ɗaukarta a matsayin farkon magani gareta. Kant ya fara ba da abincin rana da abincin dare kuma ya yi ƙoƙari ya ziyarci kansa sau da yawa. Billiards, kofi da ƙaramin magana, gami da mata, sun taimaka masa ya shawo kan cututtukansa.
Hanyar da Kant ke bi a kai a kai ta tsira. An kira shi "Hanyar Falsafa"
16. "A tarihi babu wani mutum da zai kara kula da jikinsa da abin da ya shafe shi," in ji Kant. Kullum yana karatun sabon abu a cikin wallafe-wallafen likita kuma yana da bayanai mafi kyau fiye da ƙwararrun likitoci. Lokacin da suke kokarin bashi shawara daga fannin likitanci, sai ya amsa da madaidaici da zurfin da yasa ta ƙara tattaunawa akan wannan batun ba ma'ana. Shekaru da yawa yana karɓar ƙididdiga game da mace-mace a Königsberg, yana lissafa tsawon ransa.
17. Masu kyautatawa zamani suna kiran Kant ɗan ƙaramin malami. Masana kimiyya sun kasance gajeru (kimanin 157 cm), basu dace da yanayin jiki da yanayin yadda suke ba. Koyaya, Kant yayi ado sosai, ya kasance mai mutunci kuma yayi ƙoƙarin sadarwa da kowa cikin ladabi. Saboda haka, bayan 'yan mintoci kaɗan na tattaunawa da Kant, gazawar sa ta daina bayyana.
18. A watan Fabrairun 1766, Kant ba zato ba tsammani ya zama mataimakin mai kula da laburare a Königsberg Castle. Dalilin sake horas da su a matsayin laburari bai da mahimmanci - kudi. Masanin kimiyya ya zama mutum na mutane, kuma wannan yana buƙatar kashe kuɗi mai yawa. Kant har yanzu bashi da cikakken kudin shiga. Wannan yana nufin cewa a lokacin hutu bai sami komai ba. A cikin laburaren, ya sami kyauta duk da kadan - thalers 62 a shekara - amma a kai a kai. Accessari da damar kyauta ga duk littattafai, gami da tsofaffin rubuce-rubuce.
19. A ranar 31 ga Maris, 1770, a ƙarshe Kant ya sami matsayin da aka daɗe ana jira na masanin farfesa na dabaru da metaphysics a Jami'ar Königsberg. Falsafa, ga alama, tsawon shekaru 14 yana jira, ya sami wasu nau'ikan alaƙa a cikin lamuran gudanarwa, kuma shekara guda kafin babban taron, ya ƙi ba da shawarwari biyu na faranta rai. Jami'ar Erlangen ta ba shi guilders 500 na albashi, ɗaki da itacen ba da kyauta. Abun da aka bayar daga Jami'ar Jena ya fi kyau - 200 na albashi na thalers da 150 na kudaden lacca, amma a Jena tsadar rayuwa ta yi ƙasa da ƙasa (mai ƙyama da maula a wancan lokacin sun yi daidai da tsabar zinariya). Amma Kant ya fi son zama a garinsu ya karɓi thalers 166 da 60 grosz. Albashin irin wannan shine masanin kimiyya yayi aiki a laburare na wasu shekaru biyu. Duk da haka, yanci daga gwagwarmayar yau da kullun don burodi ya 'yantar da Kant. Ya kasance a cikin 1770 wanda ake kira. wani lokaci mai mahimmanci a cikin aikin sa, wanda ya ƙirƙiri manyan ayyukan sa.
20. Ayyukan Kant "Lura kan yanayin kyau da ɗaukaka" sanannen ɗan kasuwa ne - an sake buga shi sau 8. Idan an rubuta "Lura ..." a yanzu, marubucin nasu zai yi kasadar shiga kurkuku saboda ra'ayin nuna wariyar launin fata. Yayin da yake bayanin haruffan ƙasa, ya kira Mutanen Spain marasa gaskiya, Faransawa masu taushi ne kuma masu saurin sanin juna (kafin juyin juya hali a Faransa akwai shekaru 20 da suka rage), ana tuhumar Birtaniyya da nuna girman kai ga wasu mutane, Jamusawa, a cewar Kant, sun haɗu da jin daɗin kyakkyawa da ɗaukaka, mai gaskiya, mai ƙwazo da kuma son tsari. Kant kuma ya ɗauki Indiyawa a matsayin ƙasa mai kyau saboda zargin da suke yi wa mata. Baƙi da Yahudawa ba su cancanci kalmomin kirki na marubucin "Lura ...".
21. Moses Hertz, dalibin Kant, bayan da ya karbi kwafin littafin "Critique of Pure Dalilin" daga wurin malamin, sai ya sake mayar da shi, rabin karatu ne kawai (a wancan lokacin yana da sauki a tantance ko an karanta littafin - dole ne a yanke shafukan kafin karantawa). A cikin wasikar murfin, Hertz ya rubuta cewa bai kara karanta littafin ba saboda tsoron hauka. Wani ɗalibi, Johann Herder, ya siffanta littafin da cewa "mawuyacin hali" da "yanar gizo mai nauyi". Ofaya daga cikin ɗaliban Jami'ar Jena ya ƙalubalanci wani abokin aikinsa da kada ya yi duel - mara girman kai ya ce ko da bayan karatun a jami'ar tsawon shekaru 30, ba shi yiwuwa a fahimci Critique of Pure Reason. Leo Tolstoy ya kira harshen "Sukar ..." wanda ba a fahimta ba.
Bugun farko na suka game da Dalilin Dalili
22. Gidan kansa na Kant ya bayyana ne kawai a cikin 1784, bayan cika shekaru 60. An sayi gidan da ke tsakiyar gari don guild 5,500. Kant ya siya shi daga gwauruwa mai zane-zane wanda ya zana shahararren hotonsa. Ko da shekaru biyar da suka gabata, mashahurin masanin kimiyyar nan na duniya, yana tattara abubuwa don motsawa zuwa sabon gida, sun hada da shayi, taba, kwalbar giya, akwatinkwalliya, gashin tsuntsu, wando na dare da sauran abubuwa marasa muhimmanci. An kashe duk kuɗin da aka samu akan gidaje da kashe kuɗi. Misali Kant, ya fi son cin abinci sau ɗaya a rana, amma ya ci abinci tare da aƙalla mutane 5. Kunya ba ta hana masanin ya kasance mai kishin ƙasa ba. Da yake karɓar thalers 236 a shekara a Königsberg, ya bar ayyuka tare da albashin 600 thalers a Halle da thalers 800 a Mitau.
23. Duk da cewa a cikin ayyukansa Kant ya mai da hankali sosai ga kayan kwalliya da jin daɗin kyan gani, amma kwarewar sa ta kusan ƙarancin yanayin ƙasa. Koenigsberg shine kewayen ƙasashen Jamusawa, ba wai kawai game da yanayin ƙasa ba. Babu kusan wuraren tarihi a cikin garin. A cikin tarin keɓaɓɓun mutanen gari akwai fewan tawagogin da Rembrandt, Van Dyck da Durer suka yi. Zanen Italiyanci bai kai Koenigsberg ba. Kant ya halarci kide-kide na kide-kide ba tare da bukatar jagorancin rayuwar jama'a ba, ya gwammace ya saurari ayyukan solo na kayan aiki daya. Ya saba da waƙoƙin Jamusawa na zamani, amma bai bar yabo game da shi ba.A gefe guda kuma, Kant ya kasance masani sosai da tsoffin waƙoƙi da adabi, har ma da ayyukan marubutan raɗaɗi na kowane lokaci.
24. A shekarar 1788, aka zabi Kant a matsayin rector na Jami'ar Königsberg. Ta halayyar mutum ta Sarki Frederick Wilhelm II, an daga albashin masanin zuwa 720 thalers. Amma rahamar ta kasance ba ta daɗe ba. Sarkin ya kasance yar tsana a hannun farar hula. A hankali, ƙungiyar mutane da ke sukar Kant da ayyukansa ta yi nasara a kotu. Matsaloli sun fara ne da buga littattafai, kuma dole Kant ya yi rubutu da misalin abubuwa da yawa. Akwai jita-jita cewa Kant dole ne ya yi watsi da ra'ayinsa a bainar jama'a. Zaɓen masanin kimiyya a makarantar kimiyya ta Rasha ya taimaka. Sarkin ya tsawata wa Kant, amma ba a fili ba, amma a cikin rufaffiyar wasika.
25. A farkon karni na 19, Kant da sauri ya fara girma raguwa. A hankali ya rage, sannan kuma gaba daya ya daina tafiya, ya yi rubutu ƙasa da ƙasa, hangen nesa da ji sun lalace. Tsarin ya yi jinkiri, ya ɗauki shekaru biyar, amma ba makawa. Da karfe 11 na ranar 12 ga Fabrairu, 1804, babban malamin falsafar ya mutu. Sun binne Immanuel Kant a cikin muryar farfesa a arewacin bangon Königsberg Cathedral. An sake gina crypt sau da yawa. Ya sami bayyanar ta yanzu a cikin 1924. Murfin ya wanzu har lokacin yakin duniya na biyu, lokacin da Königsberg ya zama kango.
Kabari da abin tarihi ga Kant
