La'akari da gaskiyar cewa wani mutum mai suna Sherlock Holmes bai taɓa kasancewa ba, tattara duk wata hujja game da shi yana kallo, a gefe ɗaya, maganar banza ce. Koyaya, godiya ga Sir Arthur Conan Doyle, tare da mai da hankali dalla-dalla kan ayyukansa, da kuma babban rundunar magoya bayan babban jami'in binciken wanda ya gano kuma yayi nazarin waɗannan bayanai, yana yiwuwa a tsara ba kawai hoto ba, amma har kusan kusan tarihin rayuwar Sherlock Holmes.
A cewar Gilbert Keith Chesterton, Holmes ne kawai halayyar adabi da ta shiga cikin mashahuran rayuwar. Gaskiya ne, Chesterton yayi ajiyar “tun daga lokacin Dickens,” amma lokaci ya nuna cewa babu buƙatar hakan. Miliyoyin mutane sun san Sherlock Holmes, yayin da halayen Dickens suka zama ɓangare na tarihin adabi.
Conan Doyle ya yi rubutu game da Holmes na tsawon shekaru 40 daidai: an buga littafi na farko a shekarar 1887, na karshe a shekarar 1927. Ya kamata a lura cewa marubucin ba ya matukar kaunar jarumtakarsa. Ya dauki kansa a matsayin marubucin litattafai masu mahimmanci a kan batutuwan tarihi, kuma ya fara rubutu game da Holmes don samun ƙarin kuɗi a cikin sanannen ɗan binciken. Conan Doyle bai ma kasance abin kunya ba saboda gaskiyar cewa godiya ga Holmes ya zama marubuci mafi yawan albashi a duniya - Holmes ya mutu a cikin duel tare da sarkin lahira, Farfesa Moriarty. Fushin fushi daga masu karatu, da kuma manyan masu girma, ya buge da ƙarfi wanda marubucin ya ba da rai kuma ya tayar da Sherlock Holmes. Tabbas, don jin daɗin yawancin masu karatu, sannan masu kallo. Fina-Finan da suka danganci labarai game da Sherlock Holmes sun shahara kamar littattafai.
Conan Doyle ba zai iya kawar da Sherlock Holmes ba
1. Masu himma sun sami gutsiri tsoma daga tarihin rayuwar Sherlock Holmes kafin haduwa da Dr. Watson. Ranar haihuwa yawanci ana kiranta 1853 ko 1854, ana magana akan gaskiyar cewa a cikin 1914, lokacin da labarin "Bakansa na bankwana" ya faru, Holmes yayi shekaru 60. Ranar 6 ga watan Janairu an dauke ta ranar haihuwar Holmes bisa shawarar kungiyar New York ta masoyan sa, wadanda suka ba da umarnin binciken falaki. Sannan suka ja tabbaci daga adabin. A ranar 7 ga watan Janairu, daya daga cikin masu binciken ya tono, a cikin labarin "kwarin tsoro", Holmes ya tashi daga tebur ba tare da ya taba karin kumallon sa ba. Mai binciken ya yanke shawarar cewa yanki ba zai sauka a makogwaron jami'in ba saboda rataya bayan bikin jiya. Gaskiya ne, wanda zai iya ɗauka cewa Holmes ɗan Rasha ne, ko kuma aƙalla Orthodox, kuma ya yi bikin Kirsimeti da dare. A ƙarshe, sanannen masanin Sherlock William Bering-Gould ya gano cewa Holmes ya faɗi kawai Shakespeare Night Twelfth Night sau biyu, kuma wannan shine daren 5-6 ga Janairu.
2. Dangane da ainihin ranakun da masoyan aikin Conan Doyle suka lissafa, abu na farko da Sherlock Holmes ya kamata yayi shine la'akari da shari'ar da aka bayyana a cikin labarin "Gloria Scott". Koyaya, a ciki, Holmes, a zahiri, kawai ya ɓoye bayanin kula, ba tare da gudanar da wani bincike ba. Ya fi game da kasancewarsa dalibi, ma'ana, ya faru a wajajen 1873 - 1874. Gaskiyar lamari na farko, daga farko zuwa ƙarshe, wanda Holmes ya bayyana, an bayyana shi a cikin "Rite of the House of Mesgraves" kuma ya faro ne daga 1878 (duk da cewa an ambaci cewa mai binciken ya riga ya sami lamura biyu a kan asusu).
3. Yana iya yiwuwa ya kasance zaluntar Conan Doyle da Holmes ya yi ne kawai saboda son ya kara kudinsa. An san cewa a karo na farko da ya bayyana niyyarsa ta kashe jami'in binciken bayan rubuta labari na shida (shi ne "Mutumin da Yai Tsagewa Lebe"). Mujallar 'The Strand', wacce ta gudanar da jerin shirye-shiryen Sherlock Holmes, nan take ta daga kudin kan kowane labari daga £ 35 zuwa's 50. Fenshon soja na Dokta Watson ya kasance £ 100 a shekara, don haka kudin sun yi kyau. A karo na biyu wannan dabarar mai sauƙi ta yi aiki bayan fitowar labarin "Copper beeches". A wannan lokacin an adana rayuwar Holm tare da jimlar fam 1,000 don labarai 12, ko fiye da fam 83 a kowane labari. Labari na 12 shi ne "Shari'ar Karshe ta Holmes," a lokacin da jami'in binciken ya je ƙasan Reichenbach Falls. Amma da zaran an bukaci gwarzo mai kuzari da sanin yakamata don yin babban aiki game da wani kare da ke muzgunawa mazaunan wani tsohuwar fada, nan da nan aka tayar da Holmes.
4. Samfurin na Sherlock Holmes, aƙalla a cikin ikon kiyayewa da kuma yanke shawara, ana la'akari da shi, kamar yadda kuka sani, sanannen likitan Ingilishi Joseph Bell, wanda Arthur Conan Doyle ya taɓa yin aiki a matsayin mai rejista. Mai tsananin gaske, kwata-kwata babu wata alama ta motsin rai, Bell sau da yawa ya hango aikin, wurin zama har ma da binciken mai haƙuri kafin ya buɗe bakinsa, abin da ya girgiza ba majinyata kawai ba, har da ɗaliban da ke kallon aikin. Salon koyarwar wancan lokacin ya inganta shi. Yayin gabatar da laccoci, malamai ba su nemi tuntuɓar masu sauraro ba - waɗanda suka fahimta, sun yi kyau, kuma waɗanda ba su fahimta ba suna buƙatar neman wani filin. A cikin azuzuwan aiki, furofesoshin ba sa neman wani bayani ko dai, kawai suna bayanin abin da suke yi ne kuma me ya sa. Sabili da haka, hirar da aka yi da mara lafiyar, a lokacin da Bell ya sauƙaƙe ya ba da rahoton cewa ya yi aiki a matsayin sajan a cikin sojojin mulkin mallaka a Barbados kuma kwanan nan ya rasa matarsa, ya ba da ra'ayi na wasan kide kide.
5. Mycroft Holmes shine kawai dangin da Holmes ya ambata kai tsaye. Da zarar jami'in tsaro ya tuna cewa iyayensa ƙananan werean ƙasa ne, kuma mahaifiyarsa tana da alaƙa da mai zane Horace Verne. Mycroft ya bayyana a cikin labarai huɗu. Holmes ya fara gabatar da shi a matsayin babban jami'in gwamnati, kuma tuni a karni na ashirin ya bayyana cewa Mycroft ya kusan yanke hukuncin makomar Masarautar Burtaniya.
6. Adireshin almara na 221B, Baker Street, bai bayyana kwatsam ba. Conan Doyle ya san cewa babu gida tare da wannan lambar a kan titin Baker - lambar a cikin shekarunsa ta ƙare a # 85. Amma sai aka kara titi. A cikin 1934, yawancin kamfanoni da lambobi daga 215 zuwa 229 an sayi su daga kamfanin kuɗi da na gine-gine Abbey National. Dole ne ta gabatar da matsayi na musamman a matsayin mutum don rarraba jakar wasiƙu zuwa Sherlock Holmes. Sai kawai a cikin 1990, lokacin da aka buɗe Gidan Tarihi na Holmes, sun yi rajista da kamfani tare da “221B” a cikin sunan kuma sun rataye alamar daidai a gidan lamba 239. Bayan 'yan shekaru, an canza lambobin gidaje a titin Baker bisa hukuma, kuma yanzu lambobin da ke kan faranti sun dace da ainihin adadin "Holmes House", wanda ke dauke da kayan tarihin.
Titin Baker
7. Daga cikin ayyuka 60 game da Sherlock Holmes, guda biyu ne kawai aka ruwaito daga mutumin da yake binciken jami'in da kansa, da kuma wasu biyu daga mutum na uku. Duk sauran labarai da labaru Dr. Watson ne ya rawaito su. Ee, da gaske ya fi daidai a kira shi "Watson", amma wannan shine yadda al'adar ta ci gaba. Abin farin ciki, aƙalla Holmes da marubucin tarihin ba sa rayuwa tare da Misis Hudson, amma sun iya.
8. Holmes da Watson sun haɗu a watan Janairun 1881. Sun ci gaba da kula da dangantaka har zuwa aƙalla 1923. A cikin labarin "The Man on All Fours" an ambaci cewa sun yi magana, kodayake ba su da kusanci sosai, a cikin 1923.
9. A cewar ra'ayin Dr. Watson na farko, Holmes bashi da ilimin adabi da falsafa. Koyaya, daga baya Holmes yakan faɗi wasu kalmomi daga ayyukan adabi. Koyaya, bai iyakance kansa ga marubutan Ingilishi da mawaƙan ba, amma ya nakalto Goethe, Seneca, littafin Henry Thoreau har ma da wasiƙar Flaubert ga George Sand. Amma ga Shakespeare wanda aka fi ambata, masu fassarar Rashanci ba su lura da maganganun da yawa ba, don haka daidai suke shigar da labarin. Baƙon Holmes a cikin adabi an nanata shi da ambatonsa daga Littafi Mai Tsarki. Kuma shi da kansa ya rubuta wani labari a kan marubucin Renaissance.
10. Ta hanyar mamaya Holmes yakan kasance yana tattaunawa da 'yan sanda. Akwai 18 daga cikinsu a kan ayyukan ayyukan Conan Doyle game da mai binciken: masu duba 4 da 'yan sanda 14. Mafi shaharar su shine, tabbas, Insfekta Lestrade. Ga mai karatu da mai kallo na Rasha, tunanin Lestrade ya samo asali ne ta hanyar hoton Borislav Brondukov daga fina-finan talabijin. Lestrade Broodukova ɗan siriri ne, amma mai girman kai da girman kai ɗan sanda mai girman kai. Conan Doyle, a gefe guda, ya bayyana Lestrade ba tare da wani ban dariya ba. Wasu lokuta suna da sabani da Holmes, amma saboda maslahar shari'ar, Lestrade koyaushe yana bada kai bori ya hau. Kuma wanda yake karkashinsa Stanley Hopkins ya dauki kansa a matsayin dalibin Holmes. Kari akan haka, a kalla labarai biyu, abokan cinikayya sun zo wurin dan sanda bisa shawarar kai tsaye daga 'yan sanda, kuma a cikin labarin "Azurfa" mai kula da' yan sanda da wanda aka kashe sun zo Holmes tare.
11. Holmes ya kirkirar da nasa tsarin don rarrabawa da adana rahotannin jaridu, rubuce rubuce da fayiloli. Bayan mutuwar abokinsa, Watson ya rubuta cewa yana iya samun kayan aiki cikin sauki akan mai sha'awar. Matsalar ita ce tattara irin wannan kundin tarihin ya ɗauki lokaci, kuma yawanci ana kawo shi cikin tsari da za a yarda da shi sosai ko kuma ƙasa da shi ne kawai bayan tsabtace gidan gaba ɗaya. Sauran lokutan, duka ɗakin Holmes da falo tare da Watson sun cika da takardu waɗanda ba a haɗa su ba kwance cikin cikakken rudani.
12. Duk da cewa Sherlock Holmes ya san cewa akwai abubuwan da kuɗi ba zai iya siyan su ba, bai yi jinkirin samun damar ɗaukar kuɗi mai kyau ba idan abokin harka zai iya biyan shi. Ya karɓi adadi mai yawa "don kashe kuɗi" daga zomo na Bohemia, kodayake da wuya ya kashe kuɗi a binciken Irene Adler. Holmes ba kawai walat mai nauyi ba, amma har da akwatin zinare na zinare. Kuma fam dubu 6, da aka karɓa don neman ɗa ɗan duke a cikin "Shari'a a Makarantar kwana," gabaɗaya ya kasance mai yawan gaske - Firayim Minista ya karɓi kaɗan. Sauran asusun sun ambaci cewa aiki tare da poundsan fam a mako ana ɗauka mai kyau. Karamin mai shago Jabez Wilson na Union of Redheads ya kasance a shirye don sake rubuta Encyclopedia Britannica na fam huɗu a mako. Amma, duk da yawan kuɗin, Holmes bai yi ƙoƙari don wadata ba. Maimaitawa har ma ya ɗauki abubuwa masu ban sha'awa kyauta.
"Unionungiyar redheads". Yanayin ƙarshe
13. Halin Holmes game da mata yana da kyau da kalmar “nutsuwa”. Wasu lokuta ana gabatar dashi a matsayin kusan misogynist, amma wannan ya yi nesa da shari'ar. Yana da ladabi da dukkan mata, yana iya yaba kyawun mace kuma a shirye yake koyaushe don taimaka wa mace cikin matsala. Conan Doyle ya bayyana Holmes kusan kawai a yayin binciken, don haka bai ba da cikakken bayani ba game da lokacin da jami'in tsaron ya shagala a wajen sa. Abinda kawai ya kebanta shine "Scandal in Bohemia," inda Sherlock Holmes ya bazu cikin yabon Irene Adler daga yanayin binciken. Kuma salon binciken a cikin waɗancan shekarun ba ya nuna cewa jaruman za su sanya kyawawan gado a gado a kusan kowane shafi. Wannan lokacin ya zo da yawa daga baya, bayan yakin duniya na biyu.
14. Arthur Conan Doyle lallai haƙiƙa marubuci ne mai hazaka, amma ba allah ba. Kuma ba shi da Intanet a hannun don bincika wasu hujjoji. Af, marubutan zamani suna da Intanet, kuma hakan yana inganta abubuwan da suka kirkira? Lokaci zuwa lokaci marubucin yakan yi kuskuren gaskiya, wani lokacin kuma ya kan maimaita kurakuran ilimin wancan lokacin. Macijin, kurma a dabi'ance, yana rarrafe zuwa cikin bushewa a cikin "Ribbon mai launi", ya zama misalin littafin rubutu. Kamar yawancin marubutan Turai, Conan Doyle ba zai iya tsayayya da ɓata lokaci ba lokacin da ya ambaci Rasha. Holmes, tabbas, bai zauna a ƙarƙashin yaduwar cranberries tare da kwalban vodka da beyar ba. Shi kawai aka kirawo shi zuwa Odessa dangane da kisan Trepov. Babu kisan kai ga magajin gari (magajin gari) na St. Petersburg Trepov, akwai wani yunƙurin kisan da Vera Zasulich ta aikata. Kotun shari'ar ta wanke dan ta'addan, kuma abokan aikinta suka fassara wannan siginar daidai kuma hare-haren ta'addanci ya mamaye fadin Rasha, gami da harin da aka kaiwa jami'an gwamnati a Odessa. An yi hayaniya a duk faɗin Turai, amma Conan Doyle ne kawai zai iya haɗa shi duka a cikin jumla ɗaya.
15. Shan sigari yana da mahimmiyar rawa a rayuwar Sherlock Holmes da kuma cikin makircin ayyuka game da shi. A cikin litattafai 60 game da jami'in, ya sha bututu 48. Biyu sun je wurin Dr. Watson, wasu biyar sun sha taba ta wasu halayen. Babu wanda ke shan komai a cikin labarai 4 kawai. Holmes yana shan kusan bututu kawai, kuma yana da bututu da yawa. Mycroft Holmes yana shan sigari, kuma masu kashe mutane kamar Dr. Grimsby Roylott daga Motley Ribbon suna shan sigari. Holmes har ma ya rubuta bincike kan nau'ikan taba 140 da tokarsu. Yana tantance al'amuran a cikin yawan bututun da ake buƙatar shan sigari yayin aiwatar da tunani. Haka kuma, yayin aiwatar da aiki, yana shan sigari mafi arha da ƙarfi. Lokacin da William Gillette a gidan wasan kwaikwayo da Basil Redbone a cikin fina-finai suka fara nuna Holmes shan sigari mai lanƙwasa, masu shan sigari nan da nan suka lura da rashin gaskiya - a cikin dogon bututun da taba take sanyaya kuma tana tsabtacewa, don haka babu ma'ana a shan sigar mai ƙarfi. Amma ya dace wa 'yan wasan suyi magana da dogon bututu - ana kiransa "lanƙwasa" - a cikin haƙoransu. Kuma irin wannan bututun ya shiga daidaitaccen yanayin mai binciken.
16. Holmes ya san fiye da nau'in taba, zanan yatsu da rubutun rubutu. A cikin ɗayan labaran, ya ɗan ambaci ambaton cewa shi marubucin wani ɗan ƙaramin aiki ne wanda aka binciki abubuwan cirare 160. A cikin ambaton ciphers, tasirin Edgar Poe a bayyane yake, wanda gwarzo ya fassara saƙo ta amfani da mitar amfani da haruffa. Wannan shine ainihin abin da Holmes yayi lokacin da ya bayyana saƙo a cikin Maza Masu Rawar. Koyaya, ya siffanta wannan ɗan kwalliyar a matsayin ɗayan mafi sauki. Da sauri, jami'in ɗan sanda ya fahimci saƙon ɓoye a cikin "Gloria Scott" - kawai kuna buƙatar karanta kowace kalma ta uku daga ainihin fahimta, saƙon farko.
17. Mai zane Sidney Paget da ɗan wasan kwaikwayo da kuma marubucin wasan kwaikwayo William Gillette sun ba da babbar gudummawa ga ƙirƙirar sanannen hoton gani na Sherlock Holmes. Na farko ya zana siririna, sifar tsoka a cikin hular gani biyu, na biyun ya cika hoton da alkyabba tare da murfi da motsin rai "Elementary, marubuci!" Labarin, kamar keke, ya ce Gillette, tana zuwa taron farko tare da Conan Doyle, sanye da tufafi kamar yadda yake tsammani Holmes ya duba. Dauke da gilashin kara girman gilashi, ya nuna wa marubucin wani wasan kwaikwayo mai suna "Holmes a wajen da ake aikata manyan laifuka". Conan Doyle ya yi matukar mamakin haduwar bayyanar Gillette tare da ra'ayoyinsa game da Holmes har ya ba da izinin ɗan wasan da ya rubuta wasan kwaikwayo don aurar da Holmes. A cikin wasan hadin gwiwa da Conan Doyle da Gillette suka yi, mai gadin ya auri wata baiwar kamar Irene Adler. Gaskiya ne, saboda kyautatawa an raɗa mata suna Alice Faulkner. Ba ta kasance mai son kasada ba, amma mace ce ta aji mai daraja kuma ta rama wa 'yar uwarta.
18. Hoton Holmes, wanda Conan Doyle da Sidney Paget suka kirkira, suna da ƙarfi ƙwarai da gaske cewa asalin Ingilishi har ma ya yafe wauta mara ma'ana: hular da take dauke da visors guda biyu shine aka sanya mata kai don farauta. A cikin birni, ba a sa irin waɗannan iyakoki ba - ɗanɗano ne mara kyau.
19. Cinematic na cinikayya da talabijin na Sherlock Holmes sun cancanci babban kayan abu daban. Fiye da fina-finai 200 aka sadaukar da su ga jami'in binciken - rikodin littafin Guinness. Fiye da 'yan wasan kwaikwayo 70 suka sanya hoton Sherlock Holmes akan allon. Koyaya, ba shi yiwuwa a yi la’akari da “adabi” Holmes da ɗan’uwansa “sinima” gaba ɗaya. Tuni daga farkon daidaitawar fim, Holmes ya fara rayuwarsa, ban da ayyukan Conan Doyle. Tabbas, wasu halaye na waje koyaushe ana kiyaye su - bututu, hula, Watson mai aminci a nan kusa. Amma koda a cikin fina-finai tare da Basil Rathbone, wanda aka yi fim a tsakiyar karni na ashirin, wuri, da lokacin aikin, da makircin, da kuma halayen masu canzawa. Sherlock Holmes ya juya zuwa wani nau'in ikon amfani da ikon amfani da sunan kamfani: lura da yanayi da yawa, kuma gwarzonku, har ma da Mars, ana iya kiran shi Sherlock Holmes. Babban abu shine tuna bututun lokaci-lokaci.Nasarar sabbin sauye-sauye, wanda Benedict Cumberbatch, Robert Downey Jr. da Johnny Lee Miller suka buga Holmes, ya nuna cewa fim din Holmes da Holmes na adabi sun zama halaye daban-daban. A wani lokaci, marubucin Ba'amurke Rex Stout ya yi rubutu mai ban dariya wanda, bisa dogaro da rubutun Conan Doyle, ya tabbatar da cewa Watson mace ce. Ya zama cewa ba za ku iya yin wargi kawai game da wannan ba, har ma ku shirya fina-finai.
20. Shari'ar karshe ta Sherlock Holmes bisa ga ainihin sake fasalin tarihin an bayyana a cikin labarin "Bakansa na ban kwana". Yana faruwa ne a lokacin rani na shekara ta 1914, kodayake yana nuna cewa binciken ya fara shekaru biyu da suka gabata. Tarihin Sherlock Holmes, wanda aka buga shi daga baya, ya bayyana farkon binciken mai binciken.
