Sunayen jihohi da yankuna ba ta hanyar dusar kankara ta manyan sunaye. Bugu da ƙari, dalilai daban-daban suna shafar canjin sa. Ana iya canza sunan ta gwamnatin ƙasar. Misali, gwamnatin Libya karkashin Muammar Gaddafi ta nemi a kira kasar "Jamahiriya", duk da cewa wannan kalmar tana nufin "jamhuriya", kuma sauran kasashen larabawa, wadanda suke da kalmar "jamhuriya" a cikin sunayensu, sun kasance jamhuriya. A cikin 1982, gwamnatin Upper Volta ta sake wa kasarta suna Burkina Faso (wanda aka fassara zuwa "landasar ofabi'ar Mutumtaka").
Ba koyaushe sunan ƙasar waje zai iya canzawa zuwa wani abu kusa da asalin sunan ba. Don haka a 1986, cikin Rashanci, an fara kiran Ivory Coast da Cote d'Ivoire, da tsibirin Cape Verde - Cape Verde.
Tabbas, ya kamata a tuna cewa a cikin rayuwar yau da kullun muna amfani da yau da kullun, gajerun sunaye, ban da, a matsayin mai mulkin, ƙayyadaddun tsarin jihar. Muna faɗi kuma muna rubuta "Uruguay", ba "Jamhuriyar Gabashin Uruguay ba", "Togo" kuma ba "Jamhuriyar Togo" ba.
Akwai cikakkiyar ilimin fassara da ƙa'idodi don amfani da sunayen ƙasashen waje - onomastics. Koyaya, lokacin da aka ƙirƙira shi, jirgin wannan ilimin ya riga ya bar - sunaye da fassarar su sun riga sun wanzu. Yana da wuya a iya tunanin yadda taswirar duniya za ta kasance idan masana kimiyya sun isa gare ta da wuri. Da alama, zamu ce "Faransa", "Bharat" (Indiya), "Deutschland", kuma masanan kimiyya masu ba da shawara za su gudanar da tattaunawa kan batun "Shin Japan" Nippon "ko kuwa" Nihon? ".
1. Sunan "Rasha" ya fara bayyana a cikin amfani da shi a ƙasashen waje. Don haka sunan ƙasashen da ke arewacin Tekun Baƙar fata ya zama sarki Byzantine Constantine Porphyrogenitus a tsakiyar karni na 10. Shi ne wanda ya ƙara ƙirar ƙirar Girka da Roman zuwa sunan ƙasar Rosov. A cikin Rasha kanta, na dogon lokaci, ana kiran ƙasashensu Rus, ƙasar Rasha. Kusan karni na 15, siffofin "Roseya" da "Rosiya" sun bayyana. Karni biyu kawai bayan haka, sunan "Rosiya" ya zama gama gari. Na biyu "c" ya fara bayyana a cikin karni na 18, a lokaci guda an gyara sunan mutane "Rashanci".
2. Sunan Indonesia yana da saukin fahimta da ma'ana don bayani. "Indiya" + nesos (Tsibirin Girkanci ") -" Tsibirin Indiya ". Indiya hakika tana kusa, kuma akwai dubunnan tsibirai a cikin Indonesia.
3. Sunan jiha ta biyu mafi girma a Kudancin Amurka Argentina ta fito ne daga sunan Latin don azurfa. A lokaci guda, babu ƙanshin azurfa a Ajantina, mafi daidai, a cikin wannan ɓangaren, daga inda bincikensa ya fara, kamar yadda suke faɗa. Wannan lamarin yana da takamaiman mai laifi - mai ba da agaji Francisco Del Puerto. A lokacin da yake matashi, ya halarci balaguron Juan Diaz De Solis zuwa Kudancin Amurka. Del Puerto ya tafi bakin teku tare da wasu masu jirgin ruwa da yawa. A can 'yan asalin suka far wa wasu rukuni na Mutanen Spain. Dukkanin abokan Del Puerto an ci su, kuma an bar shi saboda ƙuruciyarsa. Lokacin da balaguron Sebastian Cabot ya zo bakin teku a daidai wannan wuri, Del Puerto ya gaya wa kyaftin ɗin game da tsaunukan azurfa waɗanda suke a saman kogin La Plata. Ya kasance mai gamsarwa (za ku gamsu a nan idan masu cin naman suna jiran ku girma), kuma Cabot ya yi watsi da ainihin shirin balaguron ya tafi neman azurfa. Binciken bai yi nasara ba, kuma alamun Del Puerto sun ɓace a cikin tarihi. Kuma sunan “Ajantina” ya fara samun asali ne a rayuwar yau da kullun (a hukumance ana kiran ƙasar da Mataimakin-Masarautar La Plata), kuma a cikin 1863 sunan “Jamhuriyar Argentina” ya zama na hukuma.
4. A shekara ta 1445, masu jirgin ruwa na jirgin ruwan Fotigal na Dinis Dias, da ke tafiya a gabar yammacin Afirka, bayan tsawon kwanaki suna yin tunani game da wuraren hamadar Sahara, sun hango sararin samaniya mai haske mai haske wanda ke fitowa a cikin teku. Ba su sani ba tukuna cewa sun gano yankin yammacin Afirka. Tabbas, sun sanya yankin larabawa "Cape Verde", a cikin yaren Fotigal "Cape Verde". A cikin 1456, mai kula da jirgin ruwa na Kadamosto na Venetian, bayan ya gano tsibiri kusa, ba tare da wani ɓata lokaci ba, ya kuma ba shi suna Cape Verde. Don haka, jihar da take kan waɗannan tsibirai ana kiranta da sunan wani abu wanda ba akan su yake ba.
5. Tsibirin Taiwan har zuwa zamanin da ake kira Formosa daga kalmar Portuguese don "kyakkyawan tsibiri". 'Yan asalin ƙasar da ke zaune a tsibirin sun kira shi "Tayoan". Ma'anar wannan sunan ba ze rayu ba. Sinawa sun canza suna zuwa baƙin "Da Yuan" - "Babban Circle". Bayan haka, kalmomin biyu sun haɗu zuwa sunan tsibirin da na yanzu. Kamar yadda ake yawan yi a cikin harshen Sinanci, ana iya fassara haɗin kalmomin "tai" da "wan" ta hanyoyi da yawa. Waɗannan duka “dandamali ne a bakin ruwa” (mai yiwuwa yana nufin tsibiri ne na bakin teku ko tofa), kuma “gabar tekun” - an yi noma mai ƙamshi a gangaren tsaunukan Taiwan.
6. Sunan "Austria" a cikin Rashanci ya fito ne daga "Austria" (ta kudu), analogin Latin na sunan "Österreich" (jihar Gabas). Majiyoyi sun ɗan bayyana wannan rikice-rikicen yanayin ta hanyar gaskiyar cewa fassarar Latin ta nuna cewa ƙasar tana kan iyakar kudancin yaɗuwar yaren Jamusanci. Sunan Jamusanci yana nufin wurin da ƙasashen Austriya suke a gabashin yankin mallakar Jamusawa. Don haka kasar, wacce ke kusan kusan tsakiyar Turai, ta samo sunanta ne daga kalmar Latin "kudu".
7. Kaɗan zuwa arewacin Ostiraliya, a cikin tsibirin Malay, tsibirin Timor yana nan. Sunanta a cikin harshen Indonesiya da yawancin yarukan kabilu na nufin "gabas" - hakika yana ɗaya daga cikin tsibirai masu gabaci tsibiri. Duk tarihin Timor ya kasu kashi biyu. Da farko, Fotigal tare da Yaren mutanen Holland, sannan Jafananci tare da masu bangaranci, sannan Indonesiya tare da mazauna karkara. Sakamakon wadannan rikice-rikice, Indonesiya ta haɗu da na biyu, gabashin rabin tsibirin a cikin 1974. Sakamakon shine lardin da ake kira "Timor Timur" - "Gabas ta Gabas". Mazaunan wannan rashin fahimtar yanayin da sunan ba su haƙura da shi ba kuma sun yi gwagwarmayar neman 'yanci. A 2002, sun cimma hakan, kuma yanzu ana kiran jihar su "Timor Leshti" - East Timor.
8. Kalmar "Pakistan" gajeriyar kalma ce, ma'ana ta ƙunshi sassa na wasu kalmomin da yawa. Waɗannan kalmomin sunayen lardunan mulkin mallaka ne na Indiya waɗanda galibi Musulmi suka rayu a ciki. An kira su Punjab, Afghanistan, Kashmir, Sindh da Baluchistan. Mashahurin ɗan kishin ƙasar Pakistan ɗin ne ya kirkiro sunan (kamar sauran shugabannin ƙasashen Indiya da Pakistan waɗanda suka yi karatu a Ingila) Rahmat Ali a 1933. Ya zama da kyau sosai: “paki” a yaren Hindi “mai tsabta ne, mai gaskiya ne”, “stan” ƙarshen gama gari ne don sunayen jihohi a Asiya ta Tsakiya. A shekarar 1947, tare da raba kasar India ta mulkin mallaka, aka kafa Dominion na Pakistan, kuma a 1956 ta zama kasa mai cin gashin kanta.
9. warasar Turai ta dwarf ta Luxembourg tana da suna wanda ya dace da girmansa kwata-kwata. "Lucilem" a cikin Celtic yana nufin "ƙarami", "burg" a Jamusanci don "kagara". Ga jiha mai yanki sama da kilomita 2,5002 kuma yawan mutane 600,000 sun dace sosai. Amma ƙasar tana da mafi yawan kayan cikin gida (GDP) na kowane ɗan adam a duniya, kuma Luxembourgers suna da kowane dalili da za su kira ƙasarsu a hukumance Grand Duchy of Luxembourg.
10. Sunayen ƙasashe ukun sun samo asali ne daga wasu sunaye na ƙasa tare da ƙarin kalmar "sabo". Kuma idan a cikin batun Papua New Guinea sifa tana nufin sunan ainihin ƙasa mai cin gashin kanta, to ana kiran New Zealand bayan wani lardi a cikin Netherlands, mafi dacewa, a lokacin sanya sunan, har yanzu yanki ne a cikin Masarautar Roman Mai Tsarki. Kuma New Caledonia an lakafta shi bayan tsohuwar sunan Scotland.
11. Duk da cewa a cikin harshen Rashanci da Ingilishi duka sunayen "Ireland" da "Iceland" ana rarrabe su da sauti ɗaya kawai, tushen asalin waɗannan sunayen akasin haka yake. Ireland "ƙasa ce mai dausayi", Iceland ita ce "ƙasar kankara". Haka kuma, matsakaita yanayin shekara-shekara a cikin waɗannan ƙasashe ya bambanta da kusan 5 ° C.
12. Tsibirin tsibiri tsibiri daya ne a cikin yankin Karibiya, amma tsibirin nata yana hannun jihohi uku ko akasari biyu da rabi. Wasu tsibirai na Amurka ne, wasu na Burtaniya ne, wasu kuma na Puerto Rico, wanda, kodayake wani ɓangare na Amurka, ana ɗaukarsa ƙasar da ke da alaƙa ta kyauta. Christopher Columbus ya gano tsibirin a ranar Saint Ursula. A cewar tatsuniya, wannan sarauniyar Burtaniya, wacce budurwai dubu 11 ke shugabanta, ta yi hajji zuwa Rome. A kan hanyar dawowa, 'yan Hun sun halaka su. Columbus ya sanya wa tsibiran suna "Las Vírgines" don girmama wannan waliyyin da abokan aikinta.
13. Jihar Kamaru, wacce ke gabar yamma da gabar Equatorial Afrika, an sa mata suna ne da yawan jatan lande (tashar jiragen ruwa. "Camarones") da ke zaune a bakin kogin, wanda mazaunan wurin ke kira Vuri. Rustungiyoyin crustaceans sun ba da sunan su da farko zuwa kogi, sannan zuwa ga yankuna (Jamusawa, Ingilishi da Faransanci), sannan zuwa dutsen mai fitad da ƙasa mai 'yanci.
14. Akwai fasali iri biyu na asalin sunan tsibirin da asalin jihar Malta, wanda yake a Tekun Bahar Rum. Wanda ya gabata yace sunan ya fito ne daga dadaddiyar kalmar helenanci "zuma" - an sami wani nau'in zuma na musamman a tsibirin, wanda ya bayar da zuma mai kyau. Wani fasali daga baya ya danganta bayyanar farkon sunan zuwa zamanin Fenikiya. A yarensu, kalmar "maleet" na nufin "mafaka." Yankin gabar tekun Malta ba shi da kyau, kuma akwai ramuka da yawa da kuma ramuka a kan ƙasa wanda kusan ba shi yiwuwa a sami ƙaramin jirgi da ma'aikatansa a tsibirin.
15. Manyan jiga-jigan 'yanci, wanda aka kafa a 1966 a kan yankin da Turawan mulkin mallaka na Guiana suka mallaka, ga dukkan alamu suna son kawo karshen mulkin mallaka. Sunan "Guiana" an canza shi zuwa "Guyana" kuma ana kiranta "Guyana" - "ƙasar ruwa mai yawa". Komai yana da kyau sosai tare da ruwa a Guyana: akwai koguna da yawa, tabkuna, mahimmin ɓangare na yankin har ma da fadama. Countryasar ta yi fice saboda sunanta - Jamhuriyar Guyana ta Hadin gwiwa - kuma kasancewarta ƙasa ce kawai mai magana da Ingilishi a Kudancin Amurka.
16. Tarihin asalin sunan Rashanci ga Japan ya rikice sosai. Takaitaccen bayani kamar haka. Jafananci suna kiran ƙasarsu "Nippon" ko "Nihon", kuma a cikin Rasha kalmar ta bayyana ta hanyar aro ko dai Faransanci "Japon" (Japon), ko Bajamushe "Japan" (Yapan). Amma wannan ba ya bayyana komai - sunayen Jamusanci da Faransanci suna nesa da asali kamar na Rasha. Hanyar da aka rasa shine sunan Fotigal. Fotigal na farko ya tashi zuwa Japan ta tsibirin Malay. Mutanen da ke wurin sun kira Japan "Japang" (japang). Wannan sunan ne ɗan Fotigal ya kawo Turai, kuma a can kowane mutum yana karanta shi gwargwadon fahimtarsa.
17. A shekarar 1534, mai jirgin ruwan Faransa Jacques Cartier, ya binciko Yankin Gaspe a gabar gabashin gabashin Kanada yanzu, ya sadu da Indiyawa waɗanda ke zaune a ƙaramar ƙauyen Stadacona. Cartier bai san yaren Indiyawan ba, kuma, tabbas, ba ya tuna sunan ƙauyen. A shekara ta gaba, Bafaranshen ya sake zuwa waɗannan wuraren kuma ya fara neman ƙauyen da ya saba da shi. Indiyawa makiyaya sun yi amfani da kalmar "kanata" don yi masa jagora. A cikin yarukan Indiya, yana nufin kowane mazaunin mutane. Cartier yayi imanin cewa wannan shine sunan yankin da yake buƙata. Babu wanda ya gyara shi - sakamakon yaƙin, Indiyawan Laurentian, waɗanda ya saba da su, suka mutu. Cartier ya tsara taswirar "Kanada", sannan ya kira yankin da ke kusa da wannan hanyar, sannan kuma sunan ya bazu zuwa duk ƙasar.
18. Wasu ƙasashe sunaye suke da wani mutum na musamman. Seychelles, sananne tsakanin masu yawon bude ido, an lakafta su ne bayan Ministan Kudin Faransa kuma Shugaban Kwalejin Kimiyya ta Faransa a karni na 18, Jean Moreau de Seychelles. Mazaunan Philippines, har ma bayan da suka zama ’yan ƙasa ta ƙasa mai cin gashin kanta, ba su canza sunan ƙasar ba, suna mai da sarki Spain na II Philip II. Wanda ya kafa kasar, Muhammad ibn Saud, ya ba wa Saudiyya suna. Fotigal, wanda ya hamɓarar da mai mulkin wani ƙaramin tsibiri da ke gabar kudu maso gabashin Afirka, Musa ben Mbiki, a ƙarshen ƙarni na 15, ya yi masa ta'aziyya ta hanyar kiran yankin Mozambique. Bolivia da Colombia, waɗanda ke Kudancin Amurka, an laƙaba su ne da Simón Bolívar mai neman sauyi da Christopher Columbus.
19. Switzerland ta samo sunanta ne daga yankin Schwyz, wanda shine ɗayan ukun da aka kafa tonsungiyoyin edeungiyoyi. Itselfasar kanta tana ba kowa mamaki da kyan shimfidar shimfidarta ta yadda sunanta ya zama, misali, ƙa'idar kyakkyawan yanayin dutsen. Switzerland ta fara ishara zuwa yankunan da ke da shimfidar wurare masu ban sha'awa a duniya. Wanda ya fara bayyana a karni na 18 shine Saxon Switzerland. Kampuchea, Nepal da Lebanon ana kiransu Asiya Switzerland. Ana kiran ƙananan microstates na Lesotho da Swaziland, waɗanda suke a kudancin Afirka, Switzerland. Yawancin Switzerland ma suna cikin Rasha.
20. A lokacin ballewar Yugoslavia a 1991, an zartar da Sanarwar Samun 'Yancin kan Jamhuriyar Macedonia. Girka ba ta son wannan lokaci daya. Dangane da kyakkyawar alakar Girka da Sabiya kafin rugujewar Yugoslavia, ya sa mahukuntan Girka suka rufe idanunsu kan wanzuwar Makedoniya a matsayin wani bangare na hadadden Yugoslavia, duk da cewa sun dauki Macedonia a matsayin lardinsu na tarihi kuma tarihinta na Girka ne kawai. Bayan shelar samun 'yanci, Girkawa sun fara adawa sosai da Makedoniya a fagen kasashen duniya. Da farko, kasar ta sami mummunan sunan sasantawa na tsohuwar Jamhuriyar Yugoslavia ta Makidoniya. Bayan haka, bayan kusan shekaru 30 na tattaunawa, kotunan ƙasa da ƙasa, baƙar fata da ɓarkewar siyasa, an mai da Macedonia Arewacin Macedonia a cikin 2019.
21. Sunan kai tsaye na Georgia shine Sakartvelo. A cikin Rasha, ana kiran ƙasar da haka saboda a karon farko sunan wannan yanki da mutanen da ke zaune a kansa, matafiyi Deacon Ignatius Smolyanin ya ji a Farisa. Farisawa sun kira Georgians "gurzi". An sake canza wasalin zuwa wani wuri mai cike da annashuwa, kuma ya zama Georgia. A kusan dukkanin ƙasashen duniya, ana kiran Georgia wani nau'in suna George a cikin jinsin mata. Ana daukar Saint George a matsayin waliyin ƙasar, kuma a tsakiyar zamanai akwai majami'u 365 na wannan waliyi a Georgia. A cikin 'yan shekarun nan, gwamnatin Georgia tana yaƙi da sunan "Georgia", tana neman a cire shi daga yaduwar duniya.
22. Kamar yadda baƙon abu kamar yadda zai iya zama alama, a cikin sunan Romania - “Romania” - ambaton Rome ya zama daidai kuma ya dace. Yankin Romania na yanzu ɓangare ne na Daular Roman da kuma jamhuriya. Landsasashe masu ni'ima da sauƙin yanayi sun sanya Romania ta zama kyakkyawa ga tsoffin sojan Roman, waɗanda suka yi farin cikin karɓar manyan filayensu a can. Manyan attajirai da masu martaba na Rome suma suna da gidaje a cikin Romania.
23. Kasa ta musamman aka kafa a 1822 a Afirka ta Yamma. Gwamnatin Amurka ta mallaki filayen da aka kafa jihar da su da suna mara kyau na Laberiya - daga kalmar Latin don "kyauta." Baƙar fata da aka 'yanta da freean farin ciki daga Amurka suka zauna a Laberiya. Duk da sunan ƙasarsu, sabbin citizensan ƙasar nan da nan suka fara bautar da thean ƙasar tare da siyar dasu zuwa Amurka. Wannan shi ne sakamakon 'yanci na ƙasa. A yau Laberiya na ɗaya daga cikin ƙasashe mafi talauci a duniya. Matsakaicin rashin aikin yi a ciki shine 85%.
24. Korewa suna kiran ƙasarsu Joseon (DPRK, "Land of Morning Calm") ko Hanguk (Koriya ta Kudu, "Han State"). Turawan sun tafi yadda suke so: sun ji cewa daular Koryo tana mulki a kan teku (mulkin ya kare ne a karshen karni na XIV), kuma suka sanya wa kasar suna Korea.
25. A shekarar 1935 Shah Reza Pahlavi a hukumance ya bukaci wasu kasashe da su daina kiran kasar sa da Farisa da amfani da sunan Iran. Kuma wannan ba neman wauta bane daga sarkin yankin.Iraniyawa suna kiran ƙasarsu Iran tun zamanin da, kuma Farisa tana da alaƙa kai tsaye da ita. Don haka bukatar Shah ta kasance mai ma'ana. Sunan "Iran" ya sami sauƙaƙan kalmomi da canje-canje na sautin har zuwa halin da take a yanzu. An fassara shi azaman "Kasar Aryans".
