Kuna zaune a cikin jejin taiga, ba ku da wutar lantarki kuma ba ku da alaƙa da duniyar waje. Wannan tunanin har zuwa rashin yuwuwar shine kawai damar a cikin duniyar yau ba amfani da kwakwalwa ba. Ko da agogo dole ne su zama na inji - kowane agogon lantarki yana da mai sarrafawa na zamani.
Wayewar zamani bashi yiwuwa sai da na’ura mai kwakwalwa. Kuma ba ma game da kwamfutocinmu ne da muke so ba, kwamfyutocin tafi-da-gidanka da wayoyin komai da ruwanka. Duniya na iya yin su ba tare da su ba. Haka ne, wani zai yi rubutu tare da alkalami kuma ya zana da zanen fenti, amma irin waɗannan ƙwarewar ba su ɓace gaba ɗaya ba. Amma gudanar da mafi rikitarwa ayyukan samarwa ko jigilar kaya ba tare da kwakwalwa ba abu ne mai sauki ba. Kodayake kawai 'yan shekarun da suka gabata, komai ya bambanta.
1. Kirkirar kwamfutar lantarki ta farko a duniya ENIAC, wanda aka kirkira a cikin USA a shekarar 1945, yakai $ 500,000. Dodar mai tan 20 ta cinye wutar lantarki 174 kW kuma tana dauke da fitilu sama da 17,000. An shigar da bayanan lissafi cikin kwamfutar farko daga katunan naushi. Don yin lissafin sauƙaƙan sifofi na fashewar bam ɗin hydrogen, ya ɗauki katunan da aka busa fiye da miliyan. A lokacin bazara na shekara ta 1950, ENIAC yayi ƙoƙarin ƙirƙirar hasashen yanayi na gobe. Ya dauki lokaci mai yawa don rarrabewa da buga katunan naushi, da kuma maye gurbin fitilun da suka kasa, cewa lissafin hasashen na awanni 24 masu zuwa ya dauki awanni 24 daidai, ma'ana, maimakon hargitsi-agogo da ke kewaye da motar, masana kimiyya kawai sun kalli taga. Koyaya, ana ɗaukar aikin akan hasashen yanayi mai nasara.
2. Wasan kwamfuta na farko ya bayyana a shekarar 1952. Farfesa Alexander Douglas ne ya kirkireshi a matsayin hoto don karatun digirin digirgir. Wasan da ake kira OXO kuma ya kasance aiwatar da kwamfuta na wasan Tic-Tac-Toe. An nuna filin kunnawa akan allo tare da ƙudurin 35 da pixels 16. Wani mai amfani da ke wasa da kwamfuta yayi motsi ta amfani da faifan tarho.
3. A cikin 1947, Sojoji, Sojan Sama da Ofishin alkaluman Amurka sun ba da umarnin babbar komputa ga kamfanin John Eckert da John Mauchly. An aiwatar da ci gaban ne kawai ta hanyar kasafin kudin tarayya. A ƙidayar gaba, ba su da lokacin ƙirƙirar kwamfuta, amma duk da haka, a cikin 1951, kwastomomi sun karɓi injina na farko, wanda ake kira UNIVAC. Lokacin da kamfanin Eckert da kamfanin Mauchly suka sanar da aniyarsu ta sakin 18 daga cikin wadannan kwamfutocin, abokan aikinsu a wani taro sun yanke shawarar cewa irin wannan lamba za ta wadatar da kasuwar har tsawon shekaru masu zuwa. Kafin kwamfutocin UNIVAC sun tsufa, Eckert da Mauchly sun fito da injuna 18. Na ƙarshe, wanda ke aiki ga babban kamfanin inshora, an rufe shi a cikin 1970.
4. Ya zuwa lokacin bazara na 2019, taken “Kwamfuta mai ƙarfi a duniya ana gudanar da shi ne ta“ Babban Taron ”Amurka don shekara ta biyu. Aikinsa, wanda aka lasafta ta amfani da daidaitattun alamomin Linapack, shine Gigaflops miliyan 148.6 (aikin tebur na tebur ɗari ne na Gigaflops). Taron kolin ya mamaye fili 520 m22... An tattara daga kusan 1,000 22-core processor. Tsarin sanyaya na supercomputer yana watsa ruwa mai tsawon cubic 15 kuma yana amfani da kuzari ga kusan magidanta 8,000. Taron taron ya ci dala miliyan 325. China ce kan gaba a yawan kwamfyutoci. Akwai waɗannan injunan 206 da ke aiki a cikin wannan ƙasar. An shigar da manyan kwamfyutoci 124 a cikin Amurka, a Rasha akwai 4 kawai.
5. IBM ne ya kirkiro rumbun kwamfutar ta farko don Sojan Sama na Amurka. Dangane da sharuɗɗan kwangilar, kamfanin dole ne ya ƙirƙiri alamar katin don abubuwa dubu 50 kuma ya ba da damar isa ga kowane ɗayansu kai tsaye. An gama aikin cikin ƙasa da shekaru biyu. A sakamakon haka, a ranar 4 ga Satumba, 1956, an gabatar wa jama'a da mintoci na mita daya da rabi wanda ya kai tsayin mita 1.7 kuma ya kai kusan tan, wanda ake kira da sashen IBM 350 na Disk. Rumbun kwamfutar farko a duniya na dauke da faya-faya 50 mai girman santimita 61 kuma ya na dauke da bayanai MB 3,5.
6. Mafi kankantar processor a duniya IBM ne ya kirkireshi a shekarar 2018. Chip mai girman milimita 1 × 1, mai dauke da transistors dubu dari da yawa, babban mai sarrafawa ne. Yana da ikon karɓar, adanawa da sarrafa bayanai a kan irin saurin da masu sarrafa x86 suka saki a cikin 1990s. Tabbas wannan bai isa ba ga kwamfutocin zamani. Koyaya, wannan ƙarfin ya isa sosai don magance mafi yawan matsalolin aiki waɗanda basu da alaƙa da “babban” injiniyan kwamfuta ko lissafin kimiyya. Microprocessor zai iya lissafin yawan kayan cikin rumbunan ajiya cikin sauƙi kuma ya magance matsalolin kayan aiki. Koyaya, wannan mai sarrafawa bai riga ya shiga cikin samar da serial ba - don ayyukan yau da kullun, koda kuwa farashin farashin kusan cents 10, ƙaramin girmanta yayi yawa.
7. Kasuwancin duniya na kwamfyutocin da ke tsaye yana nuna rashin ƙarfi na tsawan shekaru 7 - a karo na ƙarshe da aka sami ci gaban tallace-tallace a cikin 2012. Ko da wata dabara ta lissafi ba ta taimaka ba - kwamfyutocin tafi-da-gidanka, wanda, a zahiri, sun fi kusa da na'urorin hannu, suma an sanya su cikin kwamfutocin da ke tsaye. Amma wannan ra'ayi ya ba da damar yin kyakkyawar fuska tare da wasa mara kyau - faɗuwar kasuwar ana lissafin ta fewan kashi. Koyaya, yanayin yana bayyane - mutane da yawa sun fi son Allunan da wayoyin komai da ruwanka.
8. Saboda wannan dalili - yaduwar kwamfutar hannu da wayoyin komai da ruwanka - bayanai kan yawan kwamfutocin mutane a kasashe daban-daban na duniya sun zama na zamani. Teleungiyar Sadarwa ta Duniya ta aiwatar da irin wannan lissafin na ƙarshe a cikin 2004. Dangane da waɗannan bayanan, jihar da aka fi amfani da ita ta hanyar komputa ita ce ƙaramar San Marino - ƙaramin yanki da ke cikin Italiya. Akwai tebur na tebur guda 727 a cikin mazauna 1,000 a cikin San Marino. Amurka na da kwamfutoci 554 a cikin kowane mutum dubu, sai Sweden da ke da kwamfuta daya ga kowane mutum biyu. Rasha tare da kwamfutoci 465 sun zama na 7 a cikin wannan ƙimar. Daga baya, Teleungiyar Sadarwar Internationalasa ta koma hanyar ƙidayar masu amfani da Intanet, kodayake kamar ba ƙaramin sabani ba ne - shin mutum yana amfani da kwamfutar tebur, kwamfutar tafi-da-gidanka, kwamfutar hannu da wayoyin hannu da aka haɗa da Intanet, wannan mai amfani ne ko 4? Koyaya, ana iya yanke hukunci daga waɗannan ƙididdigar. A cewar ta, a shekarar 2017, mazaunan Norway, Denmark, Tsibirin Falkland da Iceland kusan suna da alaka da Intanet gaba daya - mai nuna “kutse ta Intanet” a yankunansu ya zarce kashi 95 %. Duk da haka, yawan sakamakon ba shi da girma. A cikin New Zealand, wanda ke cikin 15, 88% na mazauna suna da Intanet. A cikin Rasha, 76.4% na citizensan ƙasa suna haɗi zuwa Yanar Gizon Duniya - 41st a duniya.
9. Murmushi na komputa, ko kuma, a wasu fannoni, motsin rai, tabbatacciyar shaida ce ta yadda wasu lokuta rashin dacewar sana'a ke canza duniya. A cikin 1969, Vladimir Nabokov, marubucin littafin "Lolita", ya ba da shawarar gabatar da wata alama mai nuna motsin rai. Abin da zai iya zama da ban sha'awa - mai zanan kalma yana nuna maye gurbin kalmomi da alamomi, komawa zuwa runes ko rubutun cuneiform! Koyaya, ra'ayin da aka faɗi, kamar yadda muke gani, an aiwatar da shi a aikace. Scott Fallman, wanda ke ci gaba da kare kundin digirinsa na biyu da na digirin digirgir a Masana'antar Fasaha ta Massachusetts, ya zama sananne a duniya ba wai saboda gwanintar aikinsa ba a fagen hanyoyin sadarwa da na lafazi, amma godiya ga kirkirar alamun 🙂 da :-(.
10. An rubuta littattafai da yawa game da yiwuwar tayar da babbar komputa (ko kuma, a madadin, hanyar sadarwa ta kwamfuta) akan mutane. Kuma wannan dusar kankarar na wani babban matakin da bai kai haka ba ya shagaltar da saƙo na farko na mawallafa game da ra'ayin "tashin mashin". Amma yana da hankali sosai. Daga mahangar hangen nesa na kwamfuta, halayyar ɗan adam ba ta dace ba, kuma wani lokacin wauta ce. Menene kawai al'adun gargajiyar da ke tattare da ma'anar "girki" da "haifuwa"! Maimakon ɗaukar abinci a cikin sifa ta asali ko yin ɗanɗanar da namiji da mace, mutane suna gajiyar da kansu ta hanyoyin da ba su dace ba. Saboda haka, fitowar ta “tashin hankali na inji” ba muradi ba ne na mallake zamantakewar mutane. Wannan shine sha'awar kwamfutocin da kwatsam suka sami hankali don sauƙaƙawa, fahimtar tunanin mutane.
11. A cikin 1980s a cikin Tarayyar Soviet, magoya bayan wasannin kwamfuta na farko ba su sayi fayafai tare da su ba, amma mujallu. Masu amfani da yau yakamata su yaba da sadaukarwar yan wasa na farko. Ya zama dole a sayi mujallar da aka buga lambar wasa a ciki, shigar da ita da hannu daga maballin, fara da adana wasan zuwa kwatancen filasha na wancan lokacin - kaset ɗin kaset. Bayan irin wannan rawar, shigar da wasan daga cikin kaset tuni ya zama kamar wasan yara, kodayake kaset ɗin na iya fasawa. Sannan talabijan talabijan sunyi aiki a matsayin mai saka idanu.
12. Tasirin lokacin da kamus, mai sarrafa kalma ko na’urar tafi da gidanka ya fara tunanin mutum yayin bugawa, gyara kalmomin da ba daidai ba, bisa ga ilimin inji, ana kiransa “Cupertino Effect” Koyaya, garin Cupertino, wanda ke cikin jihar California ta Amurka, yana da alaƙar kai tsaye da wannan sunan. A farkon sarrafa kalmomi, kalmar Ingilishi “haɗin kai” ta kasance alamar jan hankali - “haɗin kai”. Idan mai amfani ya buga wannan kalmar tare, mai sarrafawa ya canza ta atomatik zuwa sunan garin Ba'amurke da ba a sani ba. Kuskuren ya yadu sosai har ya shiga ba kawai shafukan jaridu ba, har ma da takardun hukuma. Amma, ba shakka, har zuwa lokacin haushin halin yanzu tare da aikin T9, bai zama komai ba sai kawai abin dariya.
