Zinovy Bogdan Mikhailovich Khmelnitsky - Hetman na Sojojin Zaporozhye, kwamanda, dan siyasa da dan kasa. Jagoran tawayen Cossack, wanda sakamakon haka aka raba Zaporizhzhya Sich da Left-Bank Ukraine da Kiev daga weungiyar Commonwealth kuma suka zama ɓangare na ƙasar Rasha.
Tarihin rayuwar Bohdan Khmelnitsky an cika shi da kyawawan abubuwa na sirri da rayuwar jama'a.
Don haka, kafin ku gajeriyar tarihin Khmelnitsky.
Tarihin rayuwar Bohdan Khmelnitsky
An haifi Bohdan Khmelnitsky a ranar 27 ga Disamba, 1595 (6 ga Janairu, 1596) a ƙauyen Subotov (Kiev Voivodeship).
Hetman na gaba ya girma kuma ya girma a cikin dangin Mikhail Khmelnitsky, tauraron Chigirin. Mahaifiyarsa, Agafya, 'yar Cossack ce. Duk iyayen Bogdan sun fito ne daga dangin kirki.
Yara da samari
Masana tarihi basu san komai game da rayuwar Bohdan Khmelnytsky ba.
Da farko, matashin ya yi karatu a makarantar 'yan uwantaka ta Kiev, bayan haka ya shiga kwalejin Jesuit.
Yayin da yake karatu a kwalejin, Bogdan ya karanci Latin da Yaren mutanen Poland, sannan kuma ya fahimci fasahar magana da tsara abubuwa. A wannan lokacin, tarihin rayuwar itsabilanci ba zai iya sa ɗalibin ya yi watsi da Orthodoxy ba kuma ya koma ga addinin Katolika.
A wancan lokacin Khmelnitsky yayi sa'a ya ziyarci yawancin kasashen Turai.
Yi wa Sarki Hidima
A shekarar 1620 aka fara yakin Poland da Turkiya, wanda Bohdan Khmelnytsky shima ya halarci.
A cikin ɗaya daga cikin yaƙe-yaƙe, mahaifinsa ya mutu, kuma Bogdan da kansa aka kama. Kimanin shekaru 2 yana cikin bautar, amma bai rasa gabansa ba.
Ko da a cikin irin wannan yanayi na kunci, Khmelnytsky yayi ƙoƙari ya nemi lokuta masu kyau. Misali, ya koyi yaren Tatar da Turkanci.
Yayin zaman su cikin garkuwar, dangi sun sami damar karbar kudin fansa. Lokacin da Bogdan ya dawo gida, an sa shi a cikin Cossacks da aka yi wa rijista.
Daga baya Bohdan Khmelnytsky ya shiga yakin kamfen na sojan ruwa da aka yiwa biranen Turkiyya. A sakamakon haka, a cikin 1629 hetman da sojojinsa suka kame gefen garin Constantinople.
Bayan haka, shi da tawagarsa sun koma Chigirin. Mahukuntan Zaporozhye sun ba Bogdan Mikhailovich mukamin na jarumin na Chigirinsky.
Lokacin da Vladislav 4 ya zama shugaban Poland, yaƙi ya ɓarke tsakanin Tarayyar Poland da Lithuania da Mascovite Kingdom. Khmelnitsky ya tafi tare da sojojin zuwa Smolensk. A cikin 1635 ya sami nasarar yantar da sarkin Poland daga fursuna, yana karɓar saber ta zinariya a matsayin lada.
Daga wannan lokacin, Vladislav ya girmama Bogdan Mikhailovich da girmamawa sosai, tare da raba masa sirrin ƙasa tare da neman shawara.
Abin mamaki ne cewa lokacin da masarautar Poland ta yanke shawarar zuwa yaƙi da Daular Ottoman, Khmelnytsky shine farkon wanda ya san labarin.
An adana bayanai masu rikitarwa game da lokacin rikicin soja tsakanin Spain da Faransa, musamman game da kewaye da sansanin soja na Dunkirk.
Tarihin wannan lokacin ya tabbatar da gaskiyar cewa Khmelnytsky ya shiga tattaunawar da Faransawa. Koyaya, ba a faɗi komai game da shigarsa cikin mamayar Dunkirk ba.
Bayan ƙaddamar da yaƙi tare da Turkiyya, Vladislav 4 ya nemi tallafi ba daga Abincin ba, amma daga Cossacks, ƙarƙashin jagorancin Khmelnitsky. Tawagar hetman ta fuskanci aikin tilasta Ottoman don fara yaƙi.
Masarautar ta Poland ta karrama Bohdan Khmelnytsky da kundin tsarin mulki, wanda ya ba Cossack damar kwato hakkinsu da kuma sake samun gata da yawa.
Lokacin da Seim ya sami labarin tattaunawar tare da Cossack, mambobin majalisar sun yi adawa da yarjejeniyar. An tilasta wa mai mulkin Poland ja da baya daga shirinsa.
Koyaya, babban jami'in Cossack Barabash ya adana wasikar ga abokan aikinsa. Bayan wani lokaci, Khmelnitsky ya karɓi takaddar daga gare shi cikin wayo. Akwai ra'ayi cewa hetman kawai ƙirƙirar wasiƙar yayi.
Yaƙe-yaƙe
Bohdan Khmelnytsky ya sami damar shiga yaƙe-yaƙe daban-daban, amma yaƙin neman 'yanci na ƙasa ya kawo masa mafi girma sananne.
Babban dalilin tashe tashen hankulan shi ne kwace yankuna da karfi da yaji. Halin mummunan yanayi tsakanin Cossacks kuma ya haifar da hanyoyin gwagwarmayar rashin mutuncin Poan sanda.
Nan da nan bayan an zabi Khmelnitsky a matsayin hetman a ranar 24 ga Janairun 1648, sai ya shirya wata karamar runduna wacce ta washe gundumar Poland.
Godiya ga wannan nasarar, mutane da yawa sun fara shiga rundunar Bogdan Mikhailovich.
Sojojin da aka dauka sun yi wani kwasa-kwasan horo a cikin horon soja, wanda ya hada da dabarun soja, suna aiki da nau'ikan makamai da fada da hannu. Daga baya Khmelnitsky ya yi ƙawance da Crimean Khan, wanda ya ba shi sojan doki.
Ba da daɗewa ba, ɗan Nikolai Potocki ya tafi don murƙushe tawayen Cossack, tare da ɗaukar adadin sojoji da ake buƙata. Yaƙin farko ya faru ne a Ruwan Yellow.
Dogayen sanda sun fi rauni fiye da ƙungiyar Khmelnitsky, amma yaƙin bai ƙare a wurin ba.
Bayan haka, sandunan da Cossacks sun haɗu a Korsun. Sojojin Poland sun ƙunshi sojoji 12,000, amma a wannan karon ma, ba za su iya tsayayya da sojojin Cossack-na Turkiyya ba.
Yakin neman 'yanci na kasa ya ba da damar cimma nasarar da ake so. An fara tsanantawa Poan sanda da yahudawa a cikin Yukren.
A wancan lokacin, lamarin ya fita daga ikon Khmelnitsky, wanda ba zai iya yin tasiri ga mayaƙansa ta kowace hanya ba.
A lokacin, Vladislav 4 ya mutu kuma, a zahiri, yaƙin ya rasa ma'ana. Khmelnitsky ya juya zuwa tsar na Rasha don taimako, yana fatan dakatar da zub da jini kuma ya sami abin dogaro. Yawancin tattaunawa tare da Russia da Poles ba su da wani tasiri.
A lokacin bazara na 1649, Cossacks ya fara matakin tashin hankali na gaba. Bohdan Khmelnitsky, wanda ke da kaifin hankali da basira, yayi tunanin dabaru da dabarun yaƙin har zuwa ƙaramin bayani.
Hetman ya kewaye mayakan Poland kuma yana kai musu hari akai-akai. A sakamakon haka, an tilasta wa hukumomi su kawo karshen zaman lafiyar Zboriv, ba tare da son sake yin wata asara ba.
Mataki na uku na yaƙin ya ɓarke a cikin 1650. Albarkatun ƙungiyar masu ba da horo sun ragu a kowace rana, wanda shine dalilin da ya sa cin nasara na farko ya fara faruwa.
Cossacks din sun sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar zaman lafiya ta Belotserkov tare da ‘yan sandar, wanda kuma hakan ya sabawa yarjejeniyar zaman lafiya ta Zboriv.
A cikin 1652, duk da yarjejeniyar, Cossacks sun sake buɗe yaƙin, wanda daga yanzu ba za su iya fita da kansu ba. A sakamakon haka, Khmelnitsky ya yanke shawarar yin sulhu da Rasha, yana mai rantsuwa da mai gidanta Alexei Mikhailovich.
Rayuwar mutum
A cikin tarihin Bogdan Khmelnitsky, matan 3 sun bayyana: Anna Somko, Elena Chaplinskaya da Anna Zolotarenko. A cikin duka, ma'auratan sun haifi yara maza 4 da adadin 'yan mata ga hetman.
'Yar Stepanid Khmelnitskaya ta auri Kanar Ivan Nechai. Ekaterina Khmelnitskaya ta auri Danila Vygovsky. Bayan ta zama bazawara, yarinyar ta sake yin aure ga Pavel Teter.
Malaman tarihi basu sami takamaiman tarihin rayuwar Maria da Elena Khmelnitsky ba. Ko da sananne an san game da 'ya'yan hetman.
Timosh ya mutu yana da shekara 21, Grigory ya mutu yana ƙarami, Yuri ya mutu yana da shekara 44. A cewar wasu kafofin ba da izini ba, Ostap Khmelnitsky ya mutu yana da shekara 10 daga duka da aka yi masa.
Mutuwa
Bohdan Khmelnitsky matsalolin lafiya sun fara kusan watanni shida kafin mutuwarsa. Sannan ya yi tunani game da wanda zai fi dacewa don shiga - Sweden ko Russia.
Da yake jin mutuwar kusanci, Khmelnitsky ya ba da umarnin sanya ɗansa Yuri, wanda a lokacin shekarunsa ba su wuce 16 ba, ya gaje shi.
A kowace rana shugaban Cossacks yana ta kara tabarbarewa. Bohdan Khmelnitsky ya mutu a ranar 27 ga Yuli (6 ga Agusta) 1657 yana da shekara 61. Dalilin mutuwarsa shine zubar jini na kwakwalwa.
An binne hetman a ƙauyen Subotov. Shekaru 7 bayan haka, Sanda Stefan Czarnecki ya zo wannan yankin, wanda ya ƙone ƙauyen duka kuma ya ƙazantar da kabarin Khmelnitsky.
