Konstantin Dmitrievich Ushinsky (1823-1870) - Malamin Rashanci, marubuci, wanda ya assasa koyarwar ilimin kimiyya a Rasha. Ya haɓaka ingantaccen tsarin koyarwa, sannan kuma ya zama marubucin wasu ayyukan kimiyya da ayyukan yara.
Akwai tarihin gaskiya mai yawa na Ushinsky, wanda zamuyi magana akansa a cikin wannan labarin.
Don haka, kafin ku gajeriyar tarihin Konstantin Ushinsky.
Biography of Ushinsky
An haifi Konstantin Ushinsky a ranar 19 ga Fabrairu (3 ga Maris) 1823 a Tula. Ya girma a cikin dangin mai ritaya da jami'in Dmitry Grigorievich da matarsa Lyubov Stepanovna.
Yara da samari
Kusan nan da nan bayan haihuwar Konstantin, an nada mahaifinsa alƙali a cikin ƙaramin garin Novgorod-Seversky (lardin Chernigov). A sakamakon haka, a nan ne dukkanin yarinta na malamin nan gaba ya wuce.
Bala'i na farko a cikin tarihin Ushinsky ya faru ne yana da shekara 11 - mahaifiyarsa, wacce ke ƙaunar ɗanta kuma ta tsunduma cikin karatunsa, ta mutu. Godiya ga kyakkyawan shiri na gida, ba wuya yaron ya shiga gidan motsa jiki kuma, ƙari ma, nan da nan zuwa aji na 3.
Konstantin Ushinsky yayi magana sosai game da darektan gidan motsa jiki, Ilya Timkovsky. A cewarsa, mutumin a zahiri ya damu da kimiyya kuma ya yi kokarin yin duk mai yiwuwa don ganin cewa daliban sun sami ilimi mai inganci.
Bayan karbar takardar shaidar, yaron mai shekaru 17 ya shiga Jami'ar Moscow, yana zaɓar sashen shari'a. Ya nuna sha'awar musamman ga falsafa, fikihu da adabi. Bayan ya sami difloma, mutumin ya tsaya a jami'ar gidansa don shirya farfesa.
A waccan shekarun, Ushinsky ya yi tunani a kan matsalolin fadakar da talakawa, wanda galibi ba ya karatu da rubutu. Lokacin da Konstantin ya zama ɗan takarar neman ilimin kimiyyar shari'a, ya tafi Yaroslavl, inda a cikin 1846 ya fara koyarwa a Demidov Lyceum.
Alaƙar da ke tsakanin malami da ɗalibai ta kasance mai sauƙi har ma da abokantaka. Ushinsky yayi ƙoƙari ya guji bin tsari iri daban-daban a cikin aji, wanda hakan ya tayar da hankali tsakanin shugabannin kwalejin. Wannan ya haifar da kafa sa-ido a kansa.
Saboda yawan la'anta da rikice-rikice da shugabanninsa, Konstantin Dmitrievich ya yanke shawarar barin Lyceum a cikin 1849. A cikin shekarun da suka biyo baya na tarihin rayuwarsa, ya sami rayuwa ta hanyar fassara labaran ƙasashen waje da sake dubawa a cikin wallafe-wallafe.
Bayan lokaci, Ushinsky ya yanke shawarar barin St. Petersburg. A can ya yi aiki a matsayin ƙaramin jami'i a cikin Sashen Harkokin Ruhaniya da Ikirarin Kasashen Waje, sannan kuma ya haɗu da littattafan Sovremennik da Library don Karatu.
Ilmantarwa
Lokacin da Ushinsky ya cika shekaru 31, an taimaka masa ya samu aiki a Cibiyar Gwalina ta Marayu, inda ya koyar da adabin Rasha. Ya fuskanci aikin ilimantar da ɗalibai cikin ruhun ibada ga "sarki da mahaifin uwa."
A makarantar, inda aka kafa tsauraran matakai, sun tsunduma cikin ilimin manyan jami'ai. An azabtar da ɗalibai har ma da ƙananan ƙeta. Bugu da kari, daliban sun la'anci junan su, sakamakon haka akwai kyakkyawar dangantaka a tsakanin su.
Kimanin watanni shida bayan haka, an ba Ushinsky matsayin mukamin sufeto. Bayan ya sami cikakken iko, ya sami damar shirya tsarin ilimantarwa ta yadda hanyar yanke hukunci, sata da duk wani tashin hankali ya gushe a hankali.
Ba da daɗewa ba Konstantin Ushinsky ya haɗu da tarihin ɗayan ɗayan jami'o'in da suka gabata. Ya kunshi ayyukan karantarwa da yawa wadanda suka yi tasiri a kan mutumin.
Ilimin da aka samu daga waɗannan littattafan ya yi wahayi zuwa ga Ushinsky har ya yanke shawarar rubuta hangen nesan sa na ilimi. Ya zama marubucin ɗayan kyawawan ayyuka a kan koyarwar tarbiyya - "Kan fa'idar adabin koyar da tarbiyya", wanda ya zama faɗan a cikin al'umma.
Bayan da ya sami babban shahara, Konstantin Ushinsky ya fara buga labarai a cikin "Jaridar Ilimi", "Zamani" da "Laburaren Karatu".
A cikin 1859, an ba malami amanar mukamin mai kula da aji a Cibiyar Smolny don Yammata mata, inda ya sami damar aiwatar da sauye-sauye masu tasiri. Musamman, Ushinsky ya sami nasarar kawar da rarrabuwa tsakanin ɗalibai - zuwa "mai daraja" da "rashin daraja". Thearshen ya haɗa da mutane daga dangin bourgeois.
Mutumin ya dage cewa sai a koyar da darussan a yaren Rasha. Ya bude ajin karantarwa, godiya ga daliban da suka sami damar zama kwararrun malamai. Ya kuma ba 'yan mata damar ziyartar danginsu yayin hutu da hutu.
Ushinsky shine mai ƙaddamar da gabatarwar tarurrukan malamai, waɗanda suka tattauna batutuwa daban-daban da ra'ayoyi masu ci gaba a fagen ilimi. Ta waɗannan tarurrukan, malamai zasu iya fahimtar juna da kyau kuma suyi musayar ra'ayi.
Konstantin Ushinsky yana da babban iko tsakanin abokan aiki da ɗalibai, amma sabbin tunanin nasa ba sa son shugabancin jami'ar. Saboda haka, don kawar da abokin aikinsa "maras wahala", a cikin 1862 an tura shi yawon shakatawa kasuwanci zuwa ƙasashen waje na tsawon shekaru 5.
Lokacin da aka kwashe a kasashen waje bai baci ba ga Ushinsky. Ya ziyarci kasashen Turai da yawa, yana lura da cibiyoyin ilimi daban-daban - makarantun sakandare, makarantu da marayu. Ya raba abubuwan da ya lura a cikin littattafan "Kalmar asali" da "Duniyar Yara".
Waɗannan ayyukan ba sa rasa tasirin su a yau, kasancewar sun yi tsayayya da kusan sake ɗari da rabi. Baya ga ayyukan kimiyya, Konstantin Dmitrievich ya zama marubucin tatsuniyoyi da labarai da yawa na yara. Babban aikinsa na kimiyya na karshe yana da taken "Mutum a matsayin batun ilimi, kwarewar ilimin halayyar dan Adam." Ya ƙunshi kundin 3, na ƙarshe wanda ya kasance bai ƙare ba.
Rayuwar mutum
Matar Ushinsky ita ce Nadezhda Doroshenko, wanda ya santa tun yana saurayi. Matasan sun yanke shawarar yin aure a cikin 1851. A cikin wannan auren, ma'auratan suna da yara shida: Pavel, Vladimir, Konstantin, Vera, Olga da Nadezhda.
Gaskiya mai ban sha'awa ita ce 'ya'yan Ushinsky sun ci gaba da kasuwancin mahaifinsu, suna shirya cibiyoyin ilimi.
Mutuwa
A cikin shekarun ƙarshe na rayuwarsa, Konstantin Dmitrievich ya sami karbuwa a duniya. An gayyace shi ya shiga cikin taron ƙwararru kuma ya isar da ra'ayoyinsa ga mutane. A lokaci guda, ya ci gaba da inganta tsarin koyarwarsa.
'Yan shekaru kafin mutuwarsa, mutumin ya tafi Crimea don neman magani, amma ya kamu da mura a kan hanyar zuwa yankin teku. Saboda wannan dalili, ya yanke shawarar ya zauna don neman magani a Odessa, inda daga baya ya mutu. Konstantin Ushinsky ya mutu a ranar 22 ga Disamba, 1870 (3 ga Janairun 1871) yana da shekara 47.
Hotunan Ushinsky
