John Wycliffe

John Wycliffe (Wyclif) (c. 1320 ko 1324 - 1384) - masanin tauhidi na Ingilishi, farfesa a jami'ar Oxford kuma wanda ya kirkiro koyarwar Wycliffe, wanda ra'ayinsa ya yi tasiri ga sanannen kungiyar Lollard.

Gyarawa kuma wanda ya gabace Furotesta, wanda akan kira shi da "tauraron wayewar kai na sauye-sauye", wanda ya kafa tubalin tunanin dabarun Gyaran da ke tafe a Turai.

Wycliffe shine farkon mai fassara Baibul zuwa Turanci na Tsakiya. Marubucin ayyuka da yawa masu alaƙa da hankali da falsafa. Cocin Katolika ya la'anci rubuce-rubucen tauhidin Wycliffe kuma, sakamakon haka, aka amince da shi a matsayin mai karkatacciyar koyarwa.

Akwai tarihin gaskiya masu yawa na Wycliffe, wanda zamu gaya muku a cikin wannan labarin.

Don haka, ga takaitaccen tarihin John Wycliffe.

Tarihin rayuwar Wycliffe

John Wycliffe an haife shi a ƙarshen 1320-1324 a Turanci Yorkshire. Ya girma kuma ya girma a gidan wani talaka mai martaba. Abin mamaki ne cewa dangin sun sami suna na ƙarshe don girmama ƙauyen Wycliffe-on-Tees.

Yara da samari

Tun yana dan shekara 16, ya zama dalibi a Jami'ar Oxford, inda daga karshe ya samu digirin digirgir a fannin ilimin addini. Bayan ya zama bokan masanin ilimin tauhidi, sai ya kasance yana koyarwa a jami'ar garin sa.

A 1360, an ba John Wycliffe matsayin Jagora (shugaban) Kwalejin Balliol na wannan makarantar. A wannan lokacin na tarihin rayuwarsa, ya tsunduma cikin rubuce-rubuce, yana nuna sha'awar ilimin kimiyyar lissafi, lissafi, dabaru, ilimin taurari da sauran ilimin kimiyya.

Mutumin ya sami sha'awar ilimin tauhidi bayan tattaunawa da wakilin diflomasiyya na Paparoma Gregory XI a 1374. Wycliffe ya soki cin zarafin iko a Ingila da cocin ya yi. Yana da kyau a sani cewa masarautar ta Ingila ba ta gamsu da dogaro da Paparoman ba, wanda ya goyi bayan Faransa a lokacin Yakin Shekaru Dari.

A cikin shekarun da suka gabata na tarihin rayuwarsa, John tare da ƙarin nacewa ya la'anci limaman Katolika, saboda kwaɗayi da son kuɗi. Ya goyi bayan matsayinsa da nassoshi daga Littafi Mai-Tsarki.

Musamman, Wycliffe ya bayyana cewa Yesu ko mabiyansa ba su da dukiya kuma ba sa shiga siyasa. Duk wannan ba za a iya lura da shi ba. A shekarar 1377, malamin addinin ya gabatar da shi gaban shari’ar shugabannin cocin ta wurin bishop din na Landan kan zargin kai wa paparoma hari.

Wycliffe ya sami ceto ta wurin cukuwar Duke da babban mai ƙasa John na Gaunt, waɗanda suka fara kare shi da ƙarfi a gaban alƙalai. Sakamakon haka, wannan ya haifar da rudani da rugujewar kotun.

A shekara mai zuwa, Paparoman ya ba da bijimin da ya la'anci ra'ayoyin Baturen, amma saboda kokarin fadar masarauta da Jami'ar Oxford, John ya sami damar gujewa kamawa saboda imaninsa. Mutuwar Gregory XI da papal schism da suka biyo baya, sun ceci mutumin daga tsanantawa mai zuwa.

Bayan tawayen da ba a yi nasara ba a cikin shekara ta 1381, ma'aikatan kotu da sauran manyan mutane sun daina yin aikin Wycliffe. Wannan ya haifar da mummunar barazanar rataye akan rayuwarsa.

A karkashin matsin lamba daga limaman Katolika, masana tauhidin Oxford sun amince da rubuce-rubucen 12 na John a matsayin 'yan bidi'a. A sakamakon haka, an kori marubucin masanan da abokan aikinsa daga jami'a kuma ba da daɗewa ba aka sake shi.

Bayan wannan, Wycliffe dole ne koyaushe ya ɓoye daga tsanantawar Katolika. Bayan ya zauna a Lutterworth, ya dukufa da yin fassara Littafi Mai Tsarki zuwa Turanci. Sannan ya rubuta babban aikinsa "Trialogue", inda ya gabatar da nasa ra'ayin na kawo canji.

Mahimman ra'ayoyi

A cikin 1376, John Wycliffe ya fara fitowa fili yana sukar ayyukan cocin Katolika, yana ba da lacca a Oxford. Yayi jayayya cewa adalci ne kawai zai iya ba da ikon mallaka da dukiya.

Hakanan, malamai marasa adalci ba za su iya samun irin wannan haƙƙin ba, wanda ke nufin cewa duk yanke shawara dole ne ya zo kai tsaye daga hukumomin gwamnati.

Bugu da kari, John ya bayyana cewa kasancewar dukiya a cikin paparomanci tana magana ne game da son zuciyar sa, tunda Kristi da almajiran sa ba su mallake ta ba, a maimakon haka, akasin haka, an yi kira ne da a samu mafi bukata kawai, a kuma raba sauran tare da talakawa.

Irin waɗannan maganganun da suka faru sun haifar da mummunan fushi a tsakanin dukkanin malamai, ban da umarni mara kyau. Wycliffe ya soki iƙirarin da mabiya ɗariƙar Katolika ke yi don karɓar haraji daga Ingila kuma ta kare haƙƙin masarautar na ƙwace dukiyar cocin. Dangane da wannan, da yawa daga ra'ayoyinsa sun sami karɓa daga fadar masarauta.

Baya ga wannan, John Wycliffe ya musanta koyarwar da al'adun Katolika masu zuwa:

rukunan purgatory;
sayar da sha'awa (keɓewa daga hukuncin zunubai);
sacrament na albarka;
ikirari ga firist (an nemi ya tuba kai tsaye a gaban Allah);
sacrament na transubstantiation (imani cewa gurasa da ruwan inabi yayin aiwatar da taro a zahiri ya zama jiki da jinin Yesu Kiristi).

Wycliffe yayi jayayya cewa kowane mutum kai tsaye ne (ba tare da taimakon coci ba) yana da alaƙa da Maɗaukaki. Amma don wannan alaƙar ta kasance mafi ƙarfi, ya yi kira da a fassara Baibul daga Latin zuwa harsuna daban-daban don mutane su iya karanta shi da kansu kuma su haɓaka alaƙar su da Mahaliccin.

A tsawon shekarun tarihinsa, John Wycliffe ya yi rubuce-rubuce da yawa na tiyoloji inda ya rubuta cewa sarki shi ne gwamnan Maɗaukaki, saboda haka ya kamata bishop-bishop su kasance a ƙarƙashin sarki.

Lokacin da Babban Yammacin Yammacin Yamma ya buge a 1378, mai kawo canji ya fara gano Paparoma da Dujal. John ya ce karɓar kyautar Constantine ya sa duk popes masu zuwa suka yi ridda. A lokaci guda, ya bukaci duk masu irin wannan ra'ayi su dauki fassarar Baibul zuwa Turanci. Shekaru daga baya, zai fassara Baibul gaba ɗaya daga Latin zuwa Turanci.

Bayan irin waɗannan maganganun "tawayen", Wycliffe ya ma fi cocin hari. Bugu da ƙari, Katolika ya tilasta wa wani ƙaramin rukuni na mabiyansa su yi watsi da ra'ayoyin masanin ilimin tauhidi.

Koyaya, a wancan lokacin, koyarwar John Wycliffe ta bazu nesa da iyakoki na birni kuma ta rayu saboda ƙoƙarce-ƙoƙarcen Lan kishin Lollards, amma marasa ilimi. Af, Lollards suna yawo masu wa’azi waɗanda galibi ake kira “matalauta firistoci” saboda suna sanye da tufafi masu sauƙi, suna tafiya babu ƙafa, kuma ba su da dukiya.

Lollards suma an tsananta musu sosai, amma sun ci gaba da ayyukan ilimi. Da yake suna son Nassosi ya taɓa zukatan talakawa, sun yi tafiya a duk ƙasar Ingila da ƙafa, suna wa’azi ga ’yan ƙasarsu.

Sau da yawa Lollards za su karanta wasu sassan Littafi Mai-Tsarki na Wycliffe ga mutane kuma su bar musu takun da aka rubuta da hannu. Koyarwar Baturen ya zama gama gari a tsakanin talakawa a duk yankin Turai.

Ra'ayoyinsa sun shahara musamman a cikin Jamhuriyar Czech, inda mai ilimin tauhidi-mai neman kawo canji Jan Hus da mabiyansa, Hussites suka karbe shi. A cikin 1415, ta hanyar dokar Majalisar Constance, Wycliffe da Huss an ayyana su a matsayin yan bidi'a, sakamakon haka aka kona na biyun a kan gungumen azaba.

Mutuwa

John Wycliffe ya mutu sakamakon bugun jini a ranar 31 ga Disamba, 1384. Shekaru 44 bayan haka, ta hukuncin Katolika na Constance, an tono ragowar Wycliffe daga ƙasa kuma an ƙone shi. Wycliffe an sa masa suna bayan Wycliffe Bible Translations, wanda aka kafa a 1942 kuma aka sadaukar da shi ga fassarar Baibul.