Suzdal Kremlin shine zuciyar tsohuwar gari, da shimfidaddiyar sa kuma asalin tarihin Suzdal. Yana riƙe da bango mai ƙarfi ƙwaƙwalwar ajiyar mahimman abubuwan da suka faru a tarihin Rasha, ɓoyayyen sirri da tatsuniyoyi, waɗanda tsararrun masana tarihi ke aiki akan su. Recognizedimar fasaha da tarihi ta ƙungiyar Kremlin a Suzdal an yarda da ita a matsayin al'adun gargajiya na Rasha da UNESCO. Titin Kremlin na Tsakiya, kamar "inji lokaci", ya buɗe hanya don masu yawon buɗe ido zuwa ƙarshen karnin Rasha.
Yawon shakatawa cikin tarihin Suzdal Kremlin
A wani tsauni a lanƙwashin Kogin Kamyanka, inda rukunin gidan kayan gargajiya "Suzdal Kremlin" ya bayyana a yau cikin ɗaukakarsa, an haifi garin Suzdal a cikin karni na 10. Dangane da bayanin daga tarihin, a ƙarshen ƙarni na XI-XII, an kafa katangar ƙasa mai ƙarfi a nan tare da katangar katako mai tsayi a kansu, an kammala ta da shinge na katako. Akwai hasumiyai da ƙofofi uku tare da kewayen bangon kagara.
Tsoffin hotuna suna nuna ganuwar sansanin soja da ruwaye kewaye da bangarori uku - kudu, yamma da gabas. Tare da kogin, wanda ya kiyaye daga arewa, sun toshe hanyar abokan gaba. Daga ƙarni na 13 zuwa na 17, babban coci, gine-gine don gidajen ɗan sarki da bishop, gine-gine don 'ya'yan sarki da bayinsa, majami'u da yawa, hasumiyar ƙararrawa da kuma gine-gine da yawa sun girma a bayan bangon kagara.
Gobara a cikin 1719 ta lalata duk katakan katako na Kremlin, har zuwa bangon kagara. Abubuwan da aka adana na gine-ginen Rasha, waɗanda aka kafa da dutse, wanda a yau ya bayyana a gaban masu zamani a cikin duk ɗaukakarsu. Babban kallon Suzdal Kremlin a wajan kallo yana gabatar da dukkan abubuwan da yake gani, abin mamakin ya hade cikin shimfidar wuri.
Katidral na Nativity
Cathedral na Nativity of the Virgin, wanda ya faro tun daga 1225, shine ginin da ya fi tsufa a yankin Kremlin. An kafa shi a kan harsashin ginin cocin dutse mai ginshiƙi mai hawa shida wanda aka gina a ƙarƙashin Vladimir Monomakh a ƙarshen karni na 11. Jikan Yuri Dolgoruky, Yarima Georgy Vsevolodovich, ya gina dutse mai coci mai kafa biyar wanda aka sadaukar da shi ga Nativity of the Virgin.
Shudi kamar sararin samaniya, gungunan albasa na babban coci suna cike da taurari na zinariya. A cikin ƙarnuka, bayyanar facade ta canza. Partasan ɓangaren babban cocin, wanda aka yi wa ado da sassaka duwatsu, kawunan zaki waɗanda aka sassaka daga dutse, masks mata a kan ƙofofi da kayan adon da aka tsara, an kiyaye su tun ƙarni na 13. Ana iya yin aikin tubin ƙarni na 16 a bayan bel ɗin arcature.
Hotuna a cikin babban cocin suna birgewa tare da frescoes da aka adana daga ƙarni na 13 a kan bangon, jigon kayan adon furanni a ƙofar ƙofofi, kayan aiki masu ƙwarewa, da kayan buɗe ido na zinariya tare da gumakan tsarkaka.
Kudancin da yamma “ƙofofin zinariya” sune ainihin taska. An shirya su da mulufi jan jan ƙarfe tare da zane-zane dalla-dalla, zane-zanen zinare waɗanda ke nuna al'amuran daga Injila da al'amuran tare da ayyukan Shugaban Mala'iku Michael, wanda ke tallata kamfen ɗin yariman. An bude kofofin da dadaddun abin rikewa ta hanyar zoben da aka saka a cikin bakin kawunan zaki, wadanda suke da kimar tarihi da fasaha.
Ikklisiyar Nativity tana da ban sha'awa tare da necropolis na shahararrun mutane na Ancient Rus - 'ya'yan Yuri Dolgoruky, bishops, sarakuna daga daular Shuisky da manyan mukamai.
Hasumiyar ƙararrawa ta Cathedral
Cathedral na Nativity yana da hasumiyar ƙararrawar octahedral da aka kafa tare da tanti mai tanti. Belfry, wanda aka gina da dutse a shekarar 1635, ya kasance mafi tsayi a cikin garin na dogon lokaci. A saman octahedron yana jan hankali tare da nau'ikan kidan baka da kirim na karni na 17. A ƙarshen karni, an gina coci a cikin ƙararrawar kararrawa, wanda aka haɗa shi ta hanyar zane-zane da wurare tare da harabar ɗakunan episcopal.
Muna ba da shawarar kallon Tula Kremlin.
A yau, a cikin ƙauyukan da ke daɗaɗaɗɗen tarihi, yana yiwuwa a ga katakon katako na ƙasar katako na ƙarni na 17 kawai.
Cocin Katolika na Nikolskaya
Cocin katako na Nicholas na karni na 18, wanda aka gina kamar bukkar ƙauye kuma ya ƙaura daga ƙauyen Glotovo, gundumar Yuryev-Polsky, ya yi daidai cikin hadadden Suzdal Kremlin. Tsarin cocin da ba a saba gani ba, wanda aka gina katako ba tare da ƙusa ɗaya ba, yana da sha'awa ga masu yawon bude ido. Hotunan suna nuna siririnta - daidaituwar kwatancen ɗakunan katako, da ruɓaɓɓen rufin da aka zana a hankali da kuma kwan fitilar buɗe katako tare da gicciye. Shafin buɗe ido yana kewaye da cocin a ɓangarori uku.
Misali na musamman na tsarin gine-ginen Rasha an girka shi a dandalin Kotun Bishops, inda katako na Ikklisiyar Duk Waliyyai ya tsaya a baya, wanda wuta ta kone a ƙarni na 18. A yau babban cocin Nikolsky baje kolin kayayyakin tarihi ne na Suzdal Museum of Architecture. Binciken ta na waje an haɗa shi a cikin shirin balaguro zuwa abubuwan da ke Kremlin.
Lokacin bazara Nikolskaya
A farkon rabin karni na 17, an gina cocin bazara don girmama St. Nicholas the Wonderworker kusa da Nikolskie Gates da ke kallon Kogin Kamenka. An kammala ginin shrine mai ɗauke da nau'in kwboid ta dome mai siffar kwalkwali tare da gicciye. A ƙasan cube, an kawata kusurwoyin da ginshiƙai-rabi-huɗu. Adungiyoyin arba'in tare da kayan kwalliya suna kaiwa zuwa haikalin. Na biyu murabba'i an gyara shi da oblong masu dubawa. Daga gare ta ne hasumiyar kararrawar octahedral tare da pilasters a cikin sasanninta da layuka uku na kayan kwalliyar kwalliyar fuskar - semicircular da octahedral. A bayansu akwai bangarorin hasumiyar ƙararrawa, waɗanda ke kewaye da masassarar kwalliya a sama, waɗanda aka yi wa ado da ɗamara mai launin koren tayal. Towerarshen ƙararrawar kararrawa alfarwa ce ta asali wacce take da tagogi masu zagaye. Malaman Suzdal sun kira wannan nau'in tanti bututu.
Haihuwar Christ Church
Maulidin Kirsimeti na Ikklisiyar Christ yana gefen gabas na Suzdal Kremlin kusa da Cocin Nikolskaya, yana kammala hadaddun al'adun gargajiyar Orthodoxy na majami'u biyu na zamani. An gina Nativity of Christ Church a 1775 daga tubali. Babban gini ne wanda ke hade da apsehedral apse, refectory da kuma vestibule.
Rufin rufin gidan ya zama murfin babban cocin da refectory. Cularshenta ya zama wani sassaƙaƙƙen dutsen da aka saka tare da albasa tare da giciye. Fuskokin cocin an bambanta su da gwanintar ado na pilasters, masara da frises. An yi wa tagogin da aka zana ado da ɗakunan duwatsu masu ado, kuma a jikin benen, wani zanen tsoho game da haihuwar Kristi ya jawo hankali.
Cocin zato na Budurwa Mai Albarka
Cocin Assumption na ƙarni na 17 yana kusa da ƙofar arewacin Kremlin, wanda a da ake kira Ilyinsky. Sarakunan Suzdal ne suka gina shi a wurin da cocin katako ya kone a matakai biyu, wanda hakan ya nuna a tsarin gine-ginen.
Partasan ɓangaren yana da murabba'i mai faɗi iri biyu na karni na 17. Sashin babba shine octagon tare da kayan kwalliya akan tagogin a cikin sifofin karkace tare da da'ira a tsakiya. Irin wannan kayan adon yana da mahimmanci a zamanin Petrine - farkon rabin karni na 18. An kammala ginin haikalin ta hanyar ganga mai hawa biyu na musamman tare da dome koren dome wanda aka saka tare da ƙaramin dome tare da gicciye. Fuskokin cocin sun yi fice a cikin ja mai haske, fararen farauta da abin ɗamara, wanda ya ba shi kyan gani da annashuwa.
A kusa da nan ne hasumiyar ƙararrawa mai ɗauke da rufin kwano. Idan muka kalli yadda tsarin gine-ginen Cocin Assumption na Maryamu Mai Alfarma yake kama, za mu ga fasalin salon Baroque na Moscow, wanda ba sabon abu ba ne ga Suzdal. Cikin yana da ban sha'awa tare da iconostasis mai hawa biyar da aka dawo dasu tare da zane-zanen zamani. Tun daga shekara ta 2015, ana ajiye kayan tarihin St. Arseny na Suzdal a nan, suna taimakawa warkar da cututtukan yara.
Chamakin bishop
Bangaren yamma na Suzdal Kremlin yana Kotun Bishop ne tare da gidajen zama da na taimako na ƙarni na 17, haɗe da ɗakunan da aka rufe, hanyar sadarwar hanyoyi da matakalai na sirri. Babban abin sha'awa shine Gidan Gidan Giciye, wanda a cikin tsohuwar zamanin aka yi niyyar karɓar baƙi masu girma. An rataye bangonta da hotunan sarakuna da manyan malamai. Kwarewar da aka zartar da kursiyin bishop, murhunan tayal, kayan coci da kayan marmari suna da sha'awar. Don isa Gidan Gicciye, zaku iya amfani da babbar ƙofar da ke kusa da ƙofar yamma ta babban cocin Nativity.
A yau, a cikin ɗakuna 9 na bersungiyoyin Bishops, an gabatar da nune-nunen tarihin Suzdal, an tsara su cikin kidaya tun ƙarni na XII har zuwa yau. A yawon shakatawa, suna ba da labarai masu ban sha'awa game da wanda ya rayu a Suzdal da Kremlin. A Kotun Bishop, ginin Cocin Annunciation tare da wata mazhaba, wanda aka sake yin shi a bayyanar karni na 16, yana jan hankali. A cikin haikalin zaku iya ganin gumaka 56 da ba a san su ba na ƙarni na 15 zuwa 17 kuma ku koyi labarai masu ban sha'awa na gidajen ibada na Vladimir-Suzdal.
Gaskiya mai ban sha'awa game da Suzdal Kremlin
- Yankin da aka gina gine-ginen Kremlin an fara ambata shi a cikin tarihin tarihin tun daga 1024.
- Katanga na Kremlin na ƙasa ya wanzu tun zamanin Vladimir Monomakh saboda amfani da "gorodnya", wanda tsari ne na ciki wanda aka yi da itace, wanda aka sarrafa shi da yumɓu daga kowane ɓangare.
- Gabatarwar zauren a cikin Gidan Giciyen don karɓar baƙi yana da tsayin mita 9 kuma yana da yanki fiye da murabba'in mita 300, an gina shi ba tare da ginshiƙi ɗaya ba.
- A kan bugun bugun kirji na babban cocin kararrawar kararrawa babu lambobi, amma ana amfani da murfin diga bisa ga tsohuwar al'adar Slavonic, ban da harafin "B", wanda ke wakiltar Allah.
- Ana sanar da gundumomin ta kowace rana kwata-kwata. An lura da aikin agogo ta ma'aikatan da ake kira masu sa ido.
- Taurari na zinariya 365 sun bazu a kan dome na Cathedral Nativity, wanda ke alamta ranakun shekara.
- Ginin ƙungiyar 'Bishops' Chambers ya ɗauki ƙarni 5.
- A cikin 2008, abubuwan tarihi na Kremlin sun zama shimfidar shimfidar fim "Tsar" ta darekta Lungin.
- An zaɓi cocin katako na Nikolskaya don yin fim ɗin abin da ya shafi bikin aure a cikin fim ɗin da ya dace da labarin Pushkin "Snowunƙarar Doki".
Bayani don yawon bude ido
Lokacin buɗewa na Suzdal Kremlin:
- Buɗe Litinin zuwa Jumma'a daga 9:00 zuwa 19:00, Asabar zuwa 20:00, an rufe ranar Talata da Juma'ar ƙarshe ta watan.
- Ana gudanar da bincike na baje kolin kayan tarihin: Litinin, Laraba - Juma'a, Lahadi - daga 10:00 zuwa 18:00, Asabar ana ci gaba har zuwa 19:00.
Kudin ziyarar baje kolin kayan tarihin tare da tikiti guda shine 350 rubles, don ɗalibai, ɗalibai da masu karɓar fansho - 200 rubles. Tikiti don yawo a kusa da Suzdal Kremlin ya kashe ruble 50 na manya da 30 rubles na yara.
Adireshin Kremlin: Yankin Vladimir, Suzdal, st. Kremlin, 12.
