Tsanin Mariana (ko Mariana Trench) shine mafi zurfin wuri a saman duniya. Tana kan gefen yamma na Tekun Fasifik, kilomita 200 gabas da Tsibirin Mariana.
Ba daidai ba, ɗan adam ya san abubuwa da yawa game da asirin sararin samaniya ko tsaunuka fiye da zurfin teku. Kuma ɗayan mafi ban al'ajabi da wuraren da ba a gano su ba a duniyar tamu shine Mariana Trench. To me muka sani game da shi?
Mariana Trench - ƙasan duniya
A cikin 1875, ma'aikatan jirgin ruwan nan na Burtaniya Challenger sun gano wani wuri a cikin Tekun Fasifik inda babu kasa. Kilomita ta kilomita kilomita igiyar kuri'a ta wuce sama, amma babu kasa! Kuma kawai a zurfin mita 8184 saukar igiyar ta tsaya. Wannan shine yadda aka buɗe raƙuman ruwa mai zurfi a duniya. An raɗa masa suna Mariana Trench bayan tsibirai da ke kusa. An ƙaddara fasalinsa (a cikin wata jinjirin wata) da kuma wurin da zurfin shafin yake, wanda ake kira "Abyss Challenger". Tana da nisan kilomita 340 kudu da tsibirin Guam kuma tana da daidaito 11 ° 22 ′ s. lat., 142 ° 35 ′ gabas da dai sauransu
Tun daga wannan lokacin, ana kiran wannan ɓacin rai a cikin teku "sanda ta huɗu", "mahaifar Gaia", "ƙasan duniya". Masanan ruwa sun daɗe suna ƙoƙari don gano ainihin zurfinsa. Bincike a cikin shekaru ya ba da ma'anoni daban-daban. Gaskiyar ita ce, a irin wannan zurfin zurfin, yawan ruwa yana ƙaruwa yayin da yake kusanto ƙasan, saboda haka dukiyar sauti daga muryar amsa kuwwa a ciki suma suna canzawa. Amfani tare da barometers masu ji da sauti da ma'aunin zafi da zafi a matakan daban daban, a cikin 2011 an saita darajar zurfin a cikin "Challenger Abyss" a mita 10994 ± 40. Wannan shine tsayin Dutsen Everest da ƙarin kilomita biyu daga sama.
Matsin lamba a ƙasan ramin ɓarkewar ruwa kusan yanayi ne na 1100, ko 108.6 MPa. Yawancin motocin da ke cikin teku an tsara su don zurfin zurfin mita dubu 6-7. A lokacin da ya wuce tun lokacin da aka gano mafi zurfin maɓuɓɓuga, ana iya samun nasarar isa ƙasansa sau huɗu kawai.
A shekarar 1960, Trieste mai zurfin shiga teku a karo na farko a duniya ya gangaro zuwa ƙasan Mariana Trench a cikin Challenger Abyss tare da fasinjoji biyu a cikin jirgin: Laftanar Navy na Amurka Don Walsh da kuma masanin teku na Switzerland Jacques Picard.
Abubuwan da suka lura ya haifar da mahimmin ƙarshe game da kasancewar rayuwa a ƙasan canyon. Gano wani kwararar ruwa zuwa sama shima yana da mahimmancin mahalli: dangane da shi, ikon nukiliyar ya ƙi zubar da sharar iska a ƙasan Mariana Gap.
A cikin shekarun 90, binciken da ba a san hawa na Jafananci ba "Kaiko" ya binciko magudanar ruwa, wanda aka kawo daga samfuran da ke cikin kasa, wanda a cikinsa aka samu kwayoyin cuta, tsutsotsi, katanga, da hotunan wata duniyar da ba a san ta ba.
A shekara ta 2009, mutum-mutumin Robot na Amurka Nereus ya ci nasara a cikin abyss, yana ɗaga samfurin sil, ma'adinai, samfurin dabbobi masu zurfin ruwa da hotunan mazaunan zurfin da ba a sani ba daga ƙasa.
A cikin 2012, James Cameron, marubucin Titanic, Terminator da Avatar, ya nutsa cikin rami shi kaɗai. Ya shafe awanni 6 a ƙasan yana tattara samfuran ƙasa, ma'adanai, fauna, tare da ɗaukar hotuna da yin bidiyo na 3D. Dangane da wannan kayan, an ƙirƙiri fim ɗin "Kalubale ga Abyss".
Binciken ban mamaki
A cikin ramin, a zurfin kusan kilomita 4, akwai dutsen mai suna Daikoku mai aiki, zafin farar iska, wanda yake tafasawa a 187 ° C a cikin ƙaramin damuwa. An gano tafkin ruwa mai guba ne kawai a wata na Jupiter - Io.
A cikin tazarar kilomita 2 daga farfajiyar "masu shan sigari baƙi" suna ta yawo - hanyoyin samun ruwa na ƙasa da hydrogen sulfide da wasu abubuwa, waɗanda, a cikin mu'amala da ruwan sanyi, suka zama baƙin baƙi. Motsi na ruwan sulphide yayi kama da bakin hayaki. Zafin ruwan da yake wurin fitarwa ya kai 450 ° C. Tekun da ke kewaye ba ya tafasa kawai saboda yawan ruwa (sau 150 ya fi yadda yake a sama).
A arewacin canyon akwai "farin masu shan sigari" - gishirin da ke fitar da iskar carbon dioxide a yanayin zafi na 70-80 ° С. Masana kimiyya sun ba da shawarar cewa yana cikin irin wannan "tukunyar jirgi" wanda ya kamata mutum ya nemi asalin rayuwa a Duniya. Ruwan maɓuɓɓuga masu zafi suna "dumama" ruwan sanyi, suna tallafawa rayuwa a cikin abyss - yanayin zafin da ke ƙasan Mariana Trench yana cikin kewayon 1-3 ° C.
Rayuwa a wajen rayuwa
Zai zama da alama a cikin yanayi na cikakken duhu, shiru, sanyin sanyi da matsin lamba wanda ba za a iya jure shi ba, rayuwa a cikin bakin ciki abu ne wanda ba za a taɓa tsammani ba. Amma nazarin bakin ciki ya tabbatar da akasin haka: akwai abubuwa masu rai kusan kilomita 11 a karkashin ruwa!
Coveredasan ramin an lulluɓe shi da laka mai kauri daga ƙwayoyin halittar jiki waɗanda ke gangarowa daga saman layin teku na ɗaruruwan shekaru dubbai. Mucus wuri ne mai kyau na kiwo don ƙwayoyin cuta na barrophilic, wanda ya zama tushen abinci mai gina jiki don ƙwayoyin cuta da ƙwayoyin halittu masu yawa. Kwayar cuta, ta biyun, ta zama abinci don ƙwayoyin halitta masu rikitarwa.
Tsarin halittu na kogin da ke karkashin ruwa ya zama na musamman. Abubuwan rayayyun abubuwa sun sami damar daidaitawa zuwa ga mummunan yanayi, mai halakarwa a ƙarƙashin yanayi na yau da kullun, a ƙarƙashin matsin lamba, ƙarancin haske, ƙaramin iskar oxygen da yawan abubuwan mai guba. Rayuwa a cikin irin wannan yanayin da ba za a iya jurewa ba ya ba da yawa daga mazaunan abyss tsoro mai ban sha'awa da ƙayatarwa.
Kifi mai zurfin teku yana da baki mai ban mamaki, zaune tare da manyan hakora masu kaifi. Babban matsin ya sanya jikinsu karami (2 zuwa 30 cm). Koyaya, akwai manyan samfuran, kamar amoeba-xenophyophora, suna kaiwa 10 cm a diamita. Frill shark da goblin shark, suna rayuwa a zurfin mita 2000, galibi sun kai mita 5-6 a tsayi.
Wakilan nau'ikan halittu masu rai suna rayuwa a zurfafa daban-daban. Gwargwadon mazaunan abyss, mafi kyawun gabobinsu na gani, wanda ke basu damar ɗaukar ɗan ƙaramar haske a jikin ganimar cikin cikakken duhu. Wasu mutane da kansu suna da ikon samar da haske na kwatance. Sauran halittun basuda gabbai gabadaya, suna maye gurbinsu da gabobin tabawa da radar. Tare da zurfin zurfafa, mazaunan da ke ƙarƙashin ruwa suna ƙara rasa launi, jikin yawancinsu kusan bayyane ne.
A kan gangaren da "baƙin sigari" ke zaune, mollusks suna rayuwa, waɗanda suka koya tsakaita sulfides da hydrogen sulphide, waɗanda suke mutuwa a gare su. Kuma, wanda har yanzu ya zama asiri ga masana kimiyya, a cikin yanayin matsi mai girma a ƙasan, ta wata hanya ta mu'ujiza suna iya kiyaye ƙwarjin ma'adinansu yadda yake. Sauran mazaunan Mariana Trench suna nuna irin wannan damar. Nazarin samfuran fauna ya nuna yawan rawanin radiation da abubuwa masu guba.
Abun takaici, halittun ruwa masu zurfin gaske suna mutuwa saboda canje-canje na matsi a kowane yunƙurin kawo su saman. Godiya kawai ga motocin zamani masu zurfin zurfin ciki ya zama zai yiwu a yi nazarin mazaunan baƙin ciki a cikin yanayin su na yau da kullun. An riga an gano wakilan fauna waɗanda ba sanannun kimiyya ba.
Sirri da sirrin "mahaifar Gaia"
Abyss mai ban al'ajabi, kamar kowane abin da ba a sani ba, ana lulluɓe shi cikin ɗimbin asiri da asirai. Me take ɓoyewa a cikin zurfinta? Masana kimiyya na kasar Japan sun yi ikirarin cewa yayin ciyar da kifayen goblin, sun ga wani kifin shark mai tsawon mitoci 25 yana cinye goblins. Wani dodo mai girman wannan girman zai iya zama kawai sharkashin megalodon, wanda ya ɓace kusan shekaru miliyan 2 da suka gabata! An tabbatar da wannan ta hanyar binciken haƙoran megalodon a kewayen Mariana Trench, wanda shekarunsa ya koma shekaru dubu 11 ne kawai. Ana iya ɗauka cewa har yanzu ana adana samfuran waɗannan dodanni a cikin zurfin ramin.
Akwai labarai da yawa game da gawarwakin manyan dodannin da aka jefa a bakin teku. Yayin da yake gangarowa zuwa rami mara zurfin jirgin ruwa na Jamusanci "Highfish", nutsewar ruwan ya tsaya kilomita 7 daga farfajiyar. Don fahimtar dalili, fasinjojin kwandon din sun kunna fitilar kuma suka firgita: wanka-wanka, kamar na goro, yana kokarin gurnani a wata kadangararriyar tarihi! Awayar wutar lantarki ta cikin fata ta waje ce kawai ke iya tsoratar da dodo.
Wani lokaci, lokacin da Jirgin ruwan Ba'amurke ya nitse, sai aka fara jin karawar karafa daga karkashin ruwa. An tsayar da gangaren Yayin nazarin kayan aikin da aka daga, sai ya zamto cewa kebul din gwal din da aka sanya rabin rabin sawn (ko kuma cizawa), kuma an lankwasa katakon motar karkashin ruwa.
A shekara ta 2012, kyamarar bidiyo ta jirgin saman mara matuki "Titan" daga zurfin kilomita 10 ta watsa hoton kayayyakin karfe, mai yiwuwa UFO. Ba da daɗewa ba haɗin sadarwa da na'urar ya katse.
Muna ba ku shawara ku karanta game da Halong Bay.
Abun takaici, babu wata hujja takaddama game da wadannan tabbatattun abubuwan, dukkansu suna kan asusun shaidun gani da ido ne kawai. Kowane labari yana da masoyan sa da masu shakku, nasa hujjojin na adawa da na adawa.
Kafin haɗarin haɗari ya shiga cikin ramin, James Cameron ya ce yana son gani da idanun sa aƙalla ɓangare na abubuwan ɓoye na Mariana Trench, wanda game da shi akwai jita-jita da tatsuniyoyi da yawa. Amma bai ga wani abu da zai wuce iyakar sanannun mutane ba.
To me muka sani game da ita?
Don fahimtar yadda aka ƙirƙira anaarƙashin anaarjin na Mariana, ya kamata a tuna cewa irin waɗannan raƙuman ruwa (maɓuɓɓugan ruwa) yawanci ana yin su ne a gefen gefunan tekuna a ƙarƙashin tasirin faranti masu motsi. Faranti na teku, kamar yadda tsofaffi suka yi nauyi, "masu rarrafe" a ƙarƙashin nahiyoyin, suna yin zurfin zurfafawa a ɗakunan. Mafi zurfin shine mahadar tekun Pacific da Filipino kusa da Tsibirin Mariana (Mariana Trench). Farantin tekun Pacific yana tafiya a saurin 3-4 santimita a kowace shekara, wanda ke haifar da ƙara yawan ayyukan volcanic tare da gefuna biyu.
Tare da dukkanin tsawon wannan zurfin zurfin, an gano abubuwa huɗu da ake kira gadoji - tsaka-tsakin tsaunuka -. An kafa tsaunuka mai yiwuwa saboda motsi na lithosphere da aikin aman wuta.
Tsagi yana da siffa ta V a ƙetaren, yana faɗaɗa da ƙarfi sama da taɓar ƙasa. Matsakaicin nisa na canyon a ɓangaren sama shine kilomita 69, a cikin mafi girman - har zuwa kilomita 80. Matsakaicin faɗin ƙasa tsakanin ganuwar kilomita 5 ne. Gangaren ganuwar kusan yana tsaye kuma 7-8 ne kawai. Bacin ran ya faɗi daga arewa zuwa kudu na kilomita 2500. Rafin yana da zurfin zurfin kusan mita 10,000.
Mutane uku ne kawai suka ziyarci ƙasan Mariana Trench har zuwa yau. A cikin 2018, an shirya wani nutsewar mutum zuwa “ƙasan duniya” a sashinta mafi zurfi. A wannan karon, shahararren matafiyin dan Rasha Fyodor Konyukhov da mai binciken polar Artur Chilingarov za su yi ƙoƙari su shawo kan ɓacin ran kuma su gano abin da yake ɓoyewa a cikin zurfinsa. A halin yanzu, ana kerar ruwan wanka mai zurfin teku kuma ana tsara shirin bincike.
