Yana da wuya a bayyane yanayin shekarun karni. Karni na 16 ba shi da togiya. Ko da nasarorin a bayyane suna iya samun ƙasa biyu. Mamayar Amurka ita ce farkon kisan gillar Indiyawa. Burin sanya Cocin Katolika aƙalla a cikin wani irin tsari ya juya zuwa miliyoyin waɗanda ke fama da yaƙe-yaƙe na gyarawa. Ko da mahimmancin sha'awar mai martaba tare da salon yana nufin, sama da duka, sababbin wahaloli ga wuraren biyan haraji.
Idan aka kwatanta da na ƙarni masu zuwa, lokacin da tarihi ke hanzari ta hanyar tsallake-tsallake, share jihohi da kifar da masarautu, har ma ana iya kiran karni na 16 magabata. Sun yi faɗa - amma babu annoba da mummunan yunwa. Birane na Turai sun miƙe zuwa sama, kuma sarakuna suna canzawa kawai bisa ƙa'idar sarauta. Shin Spain ce ta mamaye Fotigal, don haka sai ta kwace wani yanki na mulkin mallaka ba tsari. Wani karni kawai a tarihi ...
1. Yaƙe-yaƙe, yaƙe-yaƙe, yaƙe-yaƙe ... Kimanin yaƙe-yaƙe 30 ne kawai suka cancanci hankalin masana tarihi na zamani.Ganin cewa yaƙe-yaƙe na tsawan wasu shekaru kaɗan ne, ana iya jayayya cewa a kowane lokaci akwai wani irin yaƙi a Turai, in ba haka ba kuma ba daya ba. Koyaya, sau nawa ya bambanta?
2. Karni na 16 ya ci gaba da zamanin manyan binciken kasa. Turawa sun ga Tekun Fasifik a karon farko, wataƙila sun gano Australiya kuma sun bincika Amurka. Rashawa sun zurfafa cikin Siberia.
3. A cikin 1519 - 1522 balaguron, wanda Fernand Magellan ya fara kuma ya jagoranta, a karon farko ya zagaya duniya. Daga cikin jiragen uku, daya ya tsira, daga cikin kusan mutane 300 sun rayu 18. Magellan da kansa aka kashe. Amma, bayanan tarihin, balaguron ya sami riba - har yanzu ana kawo kayan ƙanshin.
Hanyar balaguron Magellan
4. A cikin karni na 16, Turai ta fada cikin annoba ta farko ta cutar sikari. Wataƙila cutar ta fito ne daga Amurka tare da masu ba da agaji na farko.
5. Elizabeth I ta mulki Ingila tsawon shekaru 55. A karkashin Ingila ta ta zama Uwargidan Tekuna, zane-zane da ilimin kimiyya sun bunkasa, kuma an kashe mutane 80,000 saboda lalata.
6. Kasar Spain a cikin kasa da karni daya ta sami nasarar zama duka masu karfi bayan ganowa da kuma fashin Amurka, kuma ta rasa wannan matsayin bayan da rundunar ta Ingila ta kayar da “Armada mara nasara”. Lokacin wucewa, Mutanen Spain, bayan sun kame Fotigal, sun kasance ita ce kawai jihar a cikin Pyrenees.
7. A shekara ta 1543, Nicolaus Copernicus ya kammala aikin shekaru 40 akan yarjejeniyar "Kan juyawar yanayin sammai." Yanzu tsakiyar Duniya ba Duniya bane, amma Rana ce. Ka'idar Copernicus ba daidai bane, amma ya ba da babban ci gaba ga juyin juya halin kimiyya.
Copernicus duniya
8. A cikin karni na 16, an tattara littafin Nikon Chronicle, wanda shine babba kuma mafi girman tushen tarihin Rasha. Sarki Nikon ba shi da alaƙa da ƙirƙirar tarihin - kawai ya mallaki ɗayan kwafin. An tattara tarihin kansa daga tarihin Daniyel, an ƙara ƙarin kayan aiki.
9. A rabi na biyu na karni na 16, an fara rubutu tsakanin Ivan mai ban tsoro da Sarauniyar Ingila. Tsar ta Rasha, bisa ga wasu hasashe, sun ba da shawarar ga Elizabeth I da ta aura. Bayan karɓar ƙi, Ivan mai ban tsoro ya kira sarauniyar "yarinya mara kyau" kuma ta bayyana cewa "littleananan mutane masu kasuwanci" ne ke mulkin Ingila.
10. A karshen karni na 16, aka buga wasannin kwaikwayo na farko da William Shakespeare ya buga. Aƙalla waɗannan su ne littattafan farko da sunansa. An buga su a cikin kwarto - zanen gado 4 na wasan a takarda daya na littafin.
11. A 1553 a cikin yankunan da Amurka ta yiwa mulkin mallaka, kuma a 1555 a Spain ita kanta, an dakatar da soyayyar soyayya. A sauran Turai a lokacin, ita ce mafi shaharar nau'ikan adabi.
12. A tsakiyar karni, girgizar kasa a China ta kashe dubunnan daruruwan mutane. A cikin yankunan bakin teku na kogunan, Sinawa suna zaune kai tsaye a cikin kogunan bakin teku, waɗanda suka rushe a farkon girgiza.
13. Mai zane-zane ɗan Dutch Pieter Bruegel (Dattijo) ya zana zane-zane da yawa, a cikinsu babu hotuna da hotunan tsiraici.
14. Kadan kamin ya cika shekaru 89 a duniya (wanda ba a taba jin irin sa ba a wadancan lokutan), Michelangelo ya mutu a 1564. Babban malamin zane, sassaka da gine-gine da aka bari a baya ayyukan da suka shafi al'adun duniya baki ɗaya.
Michelangelo. "Dauda"
15. A cikin Rasha a cikin ƙarni na 16, bugu ya bayyana. Littafin farko na rubutun Rasha shine Manzo, wanda Ivan Fedorov ya buga. Kodayake akwai bayanin cewa tun kafin Fedorov, an buga littattafai 5 ko 6 ba tare da suna ba.
16. Russianasar Rasha ta haɗu kuma ta girma sosai. Jamhuriyar Pskov da masarautar Ryazan sun daina wanzuwa. Ivan mai ban tsoro ya ci Kazan da Astrakhan da yaƙi, ya haɗa ƙasashen Siberia da Don, yana ƙaruwa yankin ƙasar da 100%. Dangane da yanki, Rasha ta wuce duk Turai.
17. Baya ga fadada rikodin na Rasha, Ivan mai ban tsoro ya sake rike wani tarihin wanda har yanzu ba a doke shi ba - ya yi mulki na sama da shekaru 50. Tsawon wannan lokaci ba wanda ya yi mulkin Rasha ko dai kafin shi da bayan sa.
18. A shekarar 1569 aka hada kan kasar Poland da Grand Duchy na Lithuania. "Poland daga teku zuwa teku" da sauransu - wannan kawai komai ne daga can. Daga arewa, yankin Baltic ya yi iyaka da sabuwar ƙasa, daga kudu zuwa tekun Bahar Maliya.
19. A karni na 16, Gyarawa ya fara - gwagwarmaya don inganta Cocin Katolika. Yaƙe-yaƙe da tashe-tashen hankula na adawa da ci gaba sun ci gaba kusan kusan ƙarni ɗaya da rabi kuma ya ci rayukan miliyoyin mutane. Kawai a yankin ƙasar Jamus ta yau yawan jama'a ya ragu da sau uku.
20. Duk da mutuwar miliyoyin mutane, ana daukar Daren Bartholomew kusan babban tashin hankali na gyarawa. A cikin 1572, Katolika da Huguenots suka hallara a Faris a bikin bikin gimbiya. Katolika sun far wa masu adawa da akida kuma suka kashe kimanin 2,000 daga cikinsu. Amma waɗannan mutanen da aka kashe sun fito ne daga masu daraja, don haka ana ɗaukar Night's Bartholomew a matsayin mummunan kisan gilla.
Daren St. Bartholomew ta goga na zamani
21. Amsawa ga gyarawa shine kafa Tsarin Jesuit. Sau da yawa suna ɓata suna a cikin wallafe-wallafen da ke ci gaba, a zahiri 'yan'uwan sun yi ƙoƙari don yaɗa Kiristanci da wayewar kai zuwa ɓangarorin duniya masu nisa.
22. Litattafai da yawa na Alexandre Dumas an sadaukar dasu ne don abubuwan da suka faru a ƙarni na 16. Tsanaki! Marubutan tarihi suna nuna sha'awar abokan aiki tare da furcin "Na koyi tarihin Faransa ne bisa ga Dumas!" D'Artagnan a zahiri ya kasance mai goyon bayan kadinal, kuma Athos ya ɓoye sunansa ba saboda matsayinsa ba, amma saboda kawai mahaifinsa ya sayi taken.
23. A rabin rabin karni, kasuwanci tsakanin Turawa da Japan ya fara. Da farko 'yan Fotigal, sannan' yan Spain, sun fara kawo kayayyaki daban-daban zuwa Japan. Tumatir da taba sun bayyana a ofasar Gaggawar Rana, kuma rabin docats miliyan, waɗanda Turawa suka tafi da su, sun fara ɓacewa a kowace shekara (wannan shi ne adadin da aka kiyasta).
24. A karshen karnin, kasashen Turai da yawa (amma ba duka ba) sun sauya zuwa kalandar Miladiyya (har yanzu muna amfani da ita). Akwai rashin daidaituwa a cikin kwanan watan abubuwan da suka faru, ra'ayoyin “tsohon salon” da “sabon salo”, waɗanda ba su da alaƙa da yanayin, sun bayyana.
25. A ƙarshen karni, salon ya zama ainihin asalin mai martaba. A lokacin da yake bayanin yawan sutturar, Porthos Dumas ya nuna gaskiyar tarihi: ana buƙatar masu fada a ji aƙalla suna da tufafi goma sha biyu, kuma salon na canzawa kowace shekara.
Karami, sheqa da yadin da aka yage har yanzu suna da nisa
