Mikhail Alexandrovich Sholokhov (1905 - 1984) shine ɗayan shahararrun marubutan Soviet na Rasha. Littafinsa mai suna "Quiet Don" ɗayan ɗayan manyan littattafan adabin Rasha ne a cikin tarihinta duka. Sauran littattafan - --asar Uasa da Aka andauka da kuma Sunyi Yakin theasa - an kuma haɗa su cikin asusun zinariya na rubutun Rasha.
Sholokhov duk rayuwarsa ya kasance mai sauƙi, mai natsuwa, mai fara'a da jin daɗi. Ya kasance ɗaya daga cikin nasa a cikin maƙwabta na ƙauyen da kuma cikin waɗanda ke cikin iko. Bai taɓa ɓoye ra'ayinsa ba, amma yana son yin wayo a kan abokai. Gidansa a ƙauyen Vyoshenskaya, Rostov Region, ba wurin aikin marubuci ba ne kawai, har ma da ɗakin tarba, wanda mutane ke zuwa daga ko'ina cikin yankin. Sholokhov ya taimaki mutane da yawa kuma bai ture kowa ba. 'Yan uwansa sun biya shi da girmamawa ta gaske a duk ƙasar.
Sholokhov na ƙarni ne waɗanda suka cika matsaloli da baƙin ciki. Yaƙin basasa na rashin ƙarfi, tattara abubuwa, Babban Yaƙin rioasa, sake gina yakin bayan yaƙi ... Mikhail Alexandrovich ya shiga cikin dukkanin waɗannan abubuwan, har ma ya sami damar yin su a cikin kyawawan littattafan sa. Kwatancin rayuwarsa, wanda aka ɗauka don shi, na iya zama almara mai ban mamaki.
1. Daga auren mahaifin Sholokhov da mahaifiyarsa da haihuwar Mikhail, zaku iya yin cikakken tsari. Alexander Sholokhov, kodayake ya kasance daga rukunin 'yan kasuwa, mutum ne mai haɓaka kuma mai wadata. An karɓe shi da kyau a cikin gidajen masu mallakar ƙasa kuma ana ɗaukarsa kyakkyawan wasa ne ga amare masu aji na tsakiya. Amma Alexander yana son wata baiwa mai sauƙi wacce ke aiki a gidan maigidan Popova. A kan Don, har zuwa juyin juya halin Oktoba, an kiyaye iyakoki masu mahimmanci, don haka auren ɗan dillali ga bawa ya zama abin kunya ga dangi. Anastasia, zaɓaɓɓen ɗan Iskandari, ya mutu a matsayin bazawara ta hanyar umarnin ataman. Koyaya, budurwar ba da daɗewa ba ta bar mijinta kuma ta fara zama a gidan Alexander, wanda ya rabu da dangin, a ƙarƙashin sunan mai kula da gida. Don haka, Mikhail Sholokhov an haife shi ba tare da aure ba a shekarar 1905 kuma ya sami sunan daban. Sai kawai a cikin 1913, bayan mutuwar mijin Anastasia, ma'auratan sun sami damar yin aure kuma sun ba ɗansu suna Sholokhov maimakon Kuznetsov.
2. Auren Mikhail da kansa, da alama ta gado ce, shima bai tafi ba tare da wata matsala ba. A shekarar 1923, zai auri 'yar babban sarki Gromoslavsky. Suruka, kodayake ta hanyar mu'ujiza ya tsere wa fararen fata suka harbe shi don yin aiki a Red Army, sannan kuma ta sake yin ja a lokacin lalata kayan, mutum ne mai taurin kai, kuma da farko bai so ya ba 'yarsa kusan maroƙi ba, kodayake ya ba da buhun gari ne kawai a matsayin sadaki. Amma lokutan ba su kasance daidai ba, kuma yana da wuya tare da ango a kan Don sannan - yawancin rayukan Cossack da juyin juya hali da yaƙe-yaƙe suka ɗauka. Kuma a cikin Janairu 1924, Mikhail da Maria Sholokhovs sun zama mata da miji. Sun kasance cikin aure tsawon shekaru 60 da wata 1, har zuwa lokacin da marubucin ya rasu. A cikin auren, an haifi yara 4 - maza biyu, Alexander da Mikhail, da 'yan mata biyu, Svetlana da Maria. Maria Petrovna Sholokhova ta mutu a shekarar 1992 tana da shekaru 91.
Tare an ƙaddara su rayu shekaru 60
3. Mikhail Alexandrovich tun yana yarinta ya shanye ilimi kamar soso. Ya riga ya zama saurayi, duk da aji 4 kawai na makarantar motsa jiki, ya kasance mai yawan tunani wanda zai iya magana da manya masu ilimi akan batutuwan falsafa. Bai daina koyar da kansa ba, ya zama sanannen marubuci. A cikin 1930s, “Shagon Marubuta” ya yi aiki a cikin Moscow, wani kantin sayar da littattafai da ke aikin zaɓi na wallafe-wallafe a kan batutuwan da ke da sha'awa. A cikin 'yan shekaru kawai, ma'aikatan shagon sun tattara wasu littattafai kan falsafar Sholokhov, wadanda suka kunshi sama da mujalladai 300. A lokaci guda, marubuci a kai a kai yana rarraba littattafan da suka kasance a laburarensa daga jerin littattafan da aka bayar.
4. Sholokhov ba shi da lokacin yin nazarin kide-kide, kuma babu inda yake, amma ya kasance mutum ne mai yawan kida. Mikhail Alexandrovich da kansa ya mallaki mandolin da fiyano kuma ya rera waƙa da kyau. Koyaya, wannan ba abin mamaki bane ga ɗan asalin Cossack Don. Tabbas, Sholokhov yana son sauraron Cossack da waƙoƙin jama'a, da kuma ayyukan Dmitry Shostakovich.
5. A lokacin yakin, gidan Sholokhov da ke Vyoshenskaya ya lalace ta hanyar fashewar wani bam na sama, mahaifiyar marubucin ta mutu. Mikhail Alexandrovich da gaske yana son mayar da tsohon gidan, amma lalacewar ta yi yawa. Dole ne in gina sabon. Sun gina ta ne da rance mai taushi. Ginin gidan ya ɗauki shekaru uku, kuma Sholokhov ɗin sun biya shi tsawon shekaru 10. Amma gidan ya zama mai kyau - tare da babban ɗaki, kusan zaure, inda aka karɓi baƙi a ciki, karatun marubuci da ɗakuna masu faɗi.
Tsohon gida. Duk da haka an sake gina shi
Sabon gida
6. Babban nishaɗin Sholokhov shine farauta da kamun kifi. Ko da a cikin watannin yunwa na ziyarar sa ta farko zuwa Moscow, ya sami damar zuwa kowane lokaci don magance matsalar kamun kifi: ko dai ƙananan ƙugiyoyin Ingilishi waɗanda zasu iya jure kifin kifi mai kilogram 15, ko kuma wani nau'in layin kifi mai nauyi. Sannan, lokacin da yanayin kuɗi na marubuci ya zama mafi kyau, ya sami kyawawan kayan kamun kifi da farauta. Koyaushe yana da bindigogi da yawa (aƙalla 4), kuma abin ƙyama arsenal ɗinsa bindiga ce ta Turanci tare da hangen nesa, don kawai farautar ɓatattun masu ɓatarwa.
7. A cikin 1937, an kama sakatare na farko na kwamitin jam'iyyar na gundumar Vyoshensky, Pyotr Lugovoi, shugaban kwamitin zartarwar gundumar, Tikhon Logachev, da kuma daraktan giyar Pyotr Krasikov, wanda Sholokhov ya san da shi tun kafin zamanin juyin juya hali. Mikhail Alexandrovich ya fara rubuta wasiƙu, sannan kuma da kansa ya zo Moscow. An saki wadanda aka kama din a ofishin kwamishinan harkokin cikin gida Nikolai Yezhov wanda aka zartar daga baya.
8. Jadawalin aikin Sholokhov tun daga ƙuruciyarsa har zuwa 1961, lokacin da marubucin ya sami mummunar bugun jini, ya kasance mai tsananin tashin hankali. Bai tashi ba sai 4 na safe kuma ya yi aiki har zuwa karin kumallo a 7. Sannan ya ba da lokaci ga aikin jama'a - ya kasance mataimakin, ya karɓi baƙi da yawa, ya karɓa kuma ya aika da wasiƙu da yawa. Maraice ya fara wani zaman aiki, wanda zai iya ci gaba har zuwa latti. A ƙarƙashin tasirin rashin lafiya da rikice rikice na soja, tsawon lokacin aikin ya ragu, kuma ƙarfin Mikhail Alexandrovich a hankali ya tafi. Bayan wani mummunan rashin lafiya a cikin 1975, kai tsaye likitoci suka hana shi aiki, amma Sholokhov har yanzu ya rubuta aƙalla 'yan shafuka. Iyalan Sholokhovs sun tafi hutu ne zuwa wuraren da kamun kifi ko farauta mai kyau - zuwa Khoper, a cikin Kazakhstan. Sai kawai a cikin shekarun ƙarshe na rayuwarsu Sholokhov suka tafi hutu ƙasashen waje sau da yawa. Kuma waɗannan tafiye-tafiyen sun fi kama da ƙoƙari don nisantar da Mikhail Alexandrovich ta hanyar aiki.
Aiki ya kasance ga Sholokhov komai
9. A cikin 1957 Boris Pasternak ya ba da rubutun labari na "Doctor Zhivago" don bugawa a ƙasashen waje - USSR ba ta son buga littafin. Wani mummunan rikici ya ɓarke, daga abin da sanannen jumlar "Ban karanta Pasternak ba, amma na la'anci" an haife shi (jaridu sun buga wasiƙu daga ƙungiyoyin ma'aikata suna la'antar aikin marubucin). La'anci, kamar koyaushe a cikin Tarayyar Soviet, ya kasance a duk ƙasar. Dangane da gabaɗaya, bayanin Sholokhov ya zama mara daɗi. Yayin da yake Faransa, Mikhail Alexandrovich ya fada a wata hira cewa ya zama dole a buga littafin Pasternak a Soviet Union. Masu karatu zasu yaba da rashin ingancin aikin, kuma da tuni sun manta dashi. Shugabannin Unionungiyar Marubuta na USSR da Babban Kwamitin CPSU sun yi mamaki kuma sun nemi Sholokhov ya ƙi kalamansa. Marubucin ya ƙi, kuma ya tafi da shi.
10. Sholokhov ya sha bututu tun yana saurayi, taba sigari sau da yawa. Yawanci, waɗannan masu shan sigari suna da labarai da yawa waɗanda ke tattare da su. Sun kasance a cikin tarihin rayuwar Mikhail Alexandrovich. A lokacin yakin, ko ta yaya ya tafi Saratov don tattaunawa kan samar da Soarfin Soasa a cikin gidan wasan kwaikwayon Art na Moscow da aka kwashe. Ganawar ta gudana cikin yanayi mai kyau da aminci wanda, zuwa filin jirgin sama, marubucin ya manta bututun sa a cikin ɗakin kwanan dalibai. An adana shi kuma daga baya aka mayar da shi ga mai shi, duk da ƙoƙarin da yawa da aka yi don satar abin tunawa mai daraja. Kuma lokacin da yake magana da 'yan uwansa a matsayin wakilin wakilai zuwa taron jam'iyyar da mataimaki, Sholokhov sau da yawa yakan ba da damar shirya hutun hayaki, yayin da bututun nasa ya zagaya cikin zauren, amma ya kaskantar da kai ga mai shi.
Mikhail Sholokhov da Ilya Erenburg
11. Kwafi da yawa sun karye (kuma har yanzu ba, a'a, a, suna fasa) a game da marubuta na Quiet Don da ayyukan MA Sholokhov gaba ɗaya. Matsalar, kamar yadda duka binciken da aka gano da rubutun nan na The Quiet Don a shekarar 1999 suka nuna, ba shi da tsinana. Idan har zuwa tsakiyar 1960s akwai alamun tattaunawa game da batun kimiyya game da marubutan Sholokhov, to daga baya ya bayyana karara cewa zarge zargen sata ba hari bane ga Sholokhov da kansa. Hari ne da aka kai wa Tarayyar Soviet da darajojinsa. Bayanin da ake zargin marubucin da satar kayan sawa galibin 'yan adawa sun lura da shi, ba tare da la'akari da alaƙar su ta sana'a ba, da waƙa da ilimin lissafi. A. Solzhenitsyn ya bambanta kansa musamman. A 1962 ya daukaka Sholokhov a matsayin "marubucin rashin mutuwa" Quiet Don ", kuma daidai shekaru 12 daga baya ya zargi Mikhail Alexandrovich da satar fasaha. Akwatin gawar, kamar koyaushe, ana buɗe ta ne kawai - Sholokhov ya soki labarin Solzhenitsyn "Wata Rana a Rayuwar Ivan Denisovich" lokacin da suke ƙoƙarin gabatar da ita don Lenin Prize. A ranar 17 ga Mayu, 1975, Mikhail Aleksandrovich ya karanta littafin “Butting a Calf with Oak” a cikin littafin Solzhenitsyn, wanda marubucin ya jefa kusan dukkan marubutan Soviet laka. A ranar 19 ga Mayu ya yi fama da bugun jini.
12. A lokacin Babban Yaƙin rioasa, Sholokhov sau da yawa yakan je gaban, ya fi son rukunin mahayan dawakai - akwai Cossacks da yawa. A lokacin daya daga cikin tafiye-tafiyen, ya shiga cikin wani dogon samame na gawar Pavel Belov tare da abokan gaba. Kuma lokacin da Mikhail Alexandrovich ya isa gawar Janar Dovator, sai gwanayen mahaya suka dauke shi daga rundunar sojan ruwa (an ba marubuta da 'yan jarida mukamin kwamanda na sojoji daban-daban) zuwa mahayan dawakai. Sholokhov ya ce, da yake ya sami irin wannan tayin, ya ƙi. Bayan duk wannan, irin waɗannan ayyukan suna buƙatar umarni daga babban umarni, da dai sauransu.Sai mutane biyu masu girman kai suka kama shi da makamai, na ukun kuma ya canza alamun da ke kan tabres ɗin abin wuyarsa zuwa na mahayan dawakai. Sholokhov ya tsallake hanyoyi a gaba tare da Leonid Brezhnev. A wani taro a farkon shekarun 1960, Mikhail Alexandrovich ya gaishe da babban sakatare na lokacin: "Ina yi muku fatan samun koshin lafiya, Kwamared Kanar!" Leonid Ilyich cikin alfahari ya gyara: "Tuni na zama Laftanar janar." Kafin martaba, Brezhnev bai cika shekara 15 ba. Bai yi fushi a Sholokhov ba kuma ya ba marubucin bindiga da hangen nesa a ranar haihuwarsa ta 65.
13. A watan Janairun 1942, Mikhail Alexandrovich ya ji mummunan rauni a haɗarin jirgin sama. Jirgin saman da ya tashi daga Kuibyshev zuwa Moscow ya fadi a kan sauka. A cikin duk waɗanda ke cikin jirgin, matuƙin jirgin ne kawai da Sholokhov suka rayu. Marubucin ya sami mummunan rauni, sakamakon abin da ya ji har tsawon rayuwarsa. Michaelan Michael ya tuna cewa kan mahaifinsa ya kumbura sosai.
14. Sau ɗaya, a lokacin Babban Yaƙin rioasa, Sholokhov kawai ya tsere daga zaman Unionungiyar Marubutan USSR. Ya ji jita-jita game da yiwuwar yunwa a Vyoshenskaya - babu iri don gidaje, kayan aiki. Rushewa gida, tare da kokarin titanic ya fitar da dubunnan dubban alkama, kayan gini har ma da kayan aiki. Sai kawai a rabi na biyu na 1947 ya rubuta wasiƙu dozin zuwa kwamitin gundumar gundumar Vyoshenskaya mai makwabtaka. Dalilai: an ba manomi gama gari wa'adin aikin gyara saboda rashin ranakun aiki; manomi gama gari yana fama da cutar yoyon fitsari, amma bai samu zuwa asibiti ba; an kori sojan da ya ji rauni sau uku daga gonar gama gari. Lokacin da a tsakiyar shekarun 1950 kasashe marasa budurwa suka zo gare shi, suna yin tseren babur ta cikin dukkan Tarayyar Soviet tare da layi na 52, Mikhail Alexandrovich ba zai iya karbarsu ba a ranar isowa - wata tawagar 'yan majalisar Burtaniya ta ziyarce shi. Washegari, 'yan acaban suka yi magana da Sholokhov tare da wakilan taron sakatarorin kwamitocin gundumar CPSU, kuma bi da bi, malamin daga yankin Saratov yana jira. Ba duk baƙi ba ne da marubutan wasiƙu zuwa Sholokhov ba su da sha'awa. A cikin 1967, sakataren marubuci ya kirga cewa daga watan Janairu zuwa Mayu kadai, wasiƙu zuwa ga M. Sholokhov sun ƙunshi buƙatun neman taimakon kuɗi a cikin adadin miliyan 1.6. Buƙatun sun shafi ƙananan kuɗi da masu tsanani - don ɗakin haɗin gwiwa, don mota.
15. An yi amannar cewa Sholokhov yayi magana a Babban Taro na 23 na CPSU tare da sukar A. Sinyavsky da Y. Daniel. Daga baya an yankewa waɗannan marubutan hukuncin shekaru 7 da 5 a kurkuku saboda tashin hankali na Soviet - sun sauya ainihin su, ba da zafi da ƙauna ga ikon Soviet ba, suna aiki a ƙasashen waje don bugawa. Ofarfin gwanintar waɗanda aka yanke musu hukuncin ya tabbata da cewa rabin karni bayan kowane mai karɓar rediyo a duniya ya watsa labarinsu, kawai mutanen da ke zurfafa zurfafawa cikin tarihin ƙungiyar ɓataccen ra'ayi suna tuna su. Sholokhov yayi magana da karfi sosai, yana tuna yadda lokacin yakin basasa a kan Don aka saka su a bango don ƙananan zunubai. Wikipedia na Rasha ya ce bayan wannan jawabin, wani ɓangare na masu hankali ya la'anci marubucin, "ya zama abin ƙyama". A zahiri, sakin layi daya ne kawai na jawabin Sholokhov ya keɓe ne ga Sinyavsky da Daniel, inda ya gabatar da batutuwa da yawa da yawa, daga kerawa zuwa kariyar Tafkin Baikal. Kuma game da hukuncin ... A cikin shekarar 1966, Sholokhov ya tashi zuwa Japan tare da canja wuri a Khabarovsk. A cewar wani dan jarida daga wata jaridar yankin, an sanar da shi hakan ne daga kwamitin jam'iyyar na birni. Daruruwan mazauna Khabarovsk sun sadu da Mikhail Alexandrovich a filin jirgin sama. A tarurruka biyu da Sholokhov a cikin zauren, babu inda apple za ta faɗi, kuma akwai rubuce-rubuce da yawa da tambayoyi. Jadawalin marubucin ya cika matuka cewa wakilin jaridar gundumar sojoji, don kawai ya sami rubutu daga marubucin, sai ya yi dabara cikin otal ɗin da Sholokhov yake zaune.
16. Daga cikin kyaututtukan Soviet da aka karɓa don ayyukan adabi, Mikhail Alexandrovich Sholokhov bai kashe ko kwabo a kansa ba ko danginsa. Kyautar Stalin (100,000 a lokacin tare da matsakaicin albashi na 339 rubles), aka karɓa a 1941, ya koma Asusun Tsaro. A farashin Lenin Prize (1960, 100,000 rubles tare da matsakaicin albashi na 783 rubles), an gina makaranta a ƙauyen Bazkovskaya. An kashe wani ɓangare na kyautar Nobel ta 1965 ($ 54,000) a zagaye duniya, wani ɓangare na Sholokhov da aka ba da gudummawa don gina kulab da ɗakin karatu a Vyoshenskaya.
17. Labarin cewa an baiwa Sholokhov lambar yabo ta Nobel a lokacin da marubucin ke kamun kifi a wurare masu nisa a Ural. Yawancin 'yan jaridar cikin gida sun tafi can, zuwa Tafkin Zhaltyrkul, kusa da hanya, suna mafarkin ɗaukar hira ta farko daga marubucin bayan kyautar. Koyaya, Mikhail Aleksandrovich ya kunyata su - an yi alkawarin ganawa da Pravda. Bugu da ƙari, bai ma so ya bar kamun kifi ba kafin lokacinsa. Tuni lokacin da aka aiko masa da jirgi na musamman, Sholokhov ya koma wayewa.
Jawabin Sholokhov bayan lambar yabo ta Nobel
18. A karkashin sassaucin tsarin akida na LI Brezhnev, buga Sholokhov ya fi wuya fiye da karkashin JV Stalin. Marubucin da kansa ya yi korafin cewa "Quiet Don", "Landasar da aka Virginata" da kuma ɓangaren farko na littafin "Sunyi Fama don Motherasar Uwa" an buga su kai tsaye ba tare da hayaniyar siyasa ba. Don sake bugawa "Sunyi Yaƙi don Homeasarsu" ya zama ya gyara. Ba a buga littafi na biyu na littafin ba na dogon lokaci ba tare da cikakken bayanin dalilan ba. A cewar 'yarsa, a ƙarshe Sholokhov ya ƙone rubutun.
19. An buga ayyukan M. Sholokhov sama da sau 1400 a cikin ƙasashe da yawa na duniya tare da juzu'i fiye da kofi miliyan 105. Marubuci dan Vietnam Nguyen Din Thi ya ce a cikin 1950 wani saurayi ya koma ƙauyensa, bayan kammala karatunsa a Paris. Ya zo da kwafin The Quiet Don a Faransanci.Littafin ya tafi daga hannu zuwa hannu har sai da ya fara lalacewa. A cikin waɗannan shekarun, Vietnamese ba su da lokacin bugawa - akwai yaƙin jini da Amurka. Sannan, don adana littafin, an sake rubuta shi da hannu sau da yawa. Yana cikin wannan sigar da aka rubuta da hannu cewa Nguyen Din Thi ya karanta "Quiet Don".
Littattafan M. Sholokhov a cikin harsunan waje
20. A ƙarshen rayuwarsa Sholokhov ya sha wahala sosai kuma yana rashin lafiya mai tsanani: matsin lamba, ciwon sukari, sannan cutar kansa. Aikinsa na ƙarshe na jama'a wasiƙa ne ga Politburo na kwamitin tsakiya na CPSU. A cikin wannan wasiƙar, Sholokhov ya bayyana ra'ayinsa na rashin isa, a ra'ayinsa, an mai da hankali ga tarihi da al'adun Rasha. Ta hanyar talabijin da 'yan jaridu, Sholokhov ya rubuta, ra'ayoyin adawa da Rasha ana jan su da karfi. Zionism na Duniya ya ɓata al'adun Rasha musamman a fusace. Politburo ya kirkiro kwamiti na musamman don mayar da martani ga Sholokhov. 'Ya'yan ayyukanta sun kasance abin lura da cewa duk wani kayan masarufi na Komsomol da zai iya kirkira. Bayanin ya kasance game da "goyon baya baki ɗaya", "damar ruhaniya ta Rasha da sauran al'ummomi", "L da gabatar da al'amuran al'adu ga L. Kuma Brezhnev," kuma ya ci gaba a cikin wannan yanayin. An nuna marubucin zuwa ga manyan kura-kuransa na akida da siyasa. Akwai sauran shekaru 7 kafin perestroika, shekaru 13 kafin rushewar USSR da CPSU.
