Sunan wannan birni galibi ana gajarta shi zuwa "Ensk" ko "N-City". Alamar zamani - kafin, tsayin sunan wani lokacin yayi maganar matsayin gari. Saƙon murya biyu "Moscow" ya numfasa tare da ubangiji, hulunan boyar da sauran tsarukan talauci, amma "St. Petersburg" ta numfasa ci gaba tare da rawarta. Daidai kuma a cikin sunayen "Novo-Nikolaevsk" da "Novosibirsk" ana iya jin sautin ƙafafun ƙafafun jiragen ƙasa da ke ratsa babbar jihar daga yamma zuwa gabas ko kuma a kishiyar shugabanci.
Ana iya ɗaukar Novosibirsk a matsayin babban birnin Siberia ta Rasha. Filin jirgin sama mafi girma da tashar jirgin ƙasa mafi girma a cikin macroregion suna cikin Novosibirsk. Birnin ya kasance gida ne ga tsofaffin abubuwan tarihi da kuma manyan kere-kere na aikin injiniya na zamani. Babban birni ne na Yankin Tarayyar Siberia kuma a lokaci guda yana kama da tsakiyar yankin yanki. Wannan duka Novosibirsk kenan: birni yana girma da sauri har ya wuce tufafinsa fiye da babban birni.
1. Novosibirsk na yau yana da sunaye 6 "na farko". An kira yarjejeniyar ne Nikolsky Pogost, Krivoshchekovo, Novaya Derevnya, Ob, Novo-Nikolaevsk, da Novo-Sibirsk tare da jan layi.
2. Novosibirsk matashi ne sosai. Garin ya faro ne daga shekarar 1893. A wannan shekarar, an kafa wani sulhu, wanda a ciki ma’aikatan da ke yin gada a cikin Ob suka zauna. Hanyar Rail-Trans-Siberian Railway ta tsallaka gada. Koyaya, samarin Novosibirsk baya nuna cewa mutane basu zauna anan ba kafin gina hanyar jirgin ƙasa. Wurin da yafi dacewa don tsallake Kogin Ob yana cikin yankin Novosibirsk, daruruwan kilomita sama da ƙasa. Binciken ƙasa ya nuna cewa har ma akwai babbar hanyar ƙaura a nan, wanda ke nufin cewa mafarauta sun rayu. A tsakiyar zamanai, jihar Telengutia tana kan yankin yankuna Novosibirsk da Kemerovo na yanzu. Yana da ɗaukaka saboda ya zama ita kaɗai ce ƙungiya ta ƙasa a cikin Siberia wanda tsars ɗin Moscow suka tattauna da ita kuma suka sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar zaman lafiya. A cikin 1697, Tomsk voivode Vasily Rzhevsky ya umurci jami'in don ayyuka na musamman, Fyodor Krenitsyn, ya gina masauki a gefen hagu na Ob. Wani tabo daga bugun saber ya ratsa dukkan fuskar Krenitsyn, don haka aka kira shi Krivoschek a bayan idanunsa. Dangane da haka, masaukin gidan da sulhun da ya tashi kusa da shi ya zama ƙauyen Krivoshchekovskaya. A hukumance, an sanya wa ƙauyen suna Nikolaevsk - don girmama majiɓincin matafiya.
3. Novosibirsk yana girma cikin sauri. Shekaru 60 kawai da kafuwarta, ta zama birni na miliya, wanda aka ba ta damar shiga littafin Guinness Book of Records. Yawan mutane miliyan 1.6 ya sanya ta zama ta uku mafi girma a cikin birni a cikin Rasha kuma farkon a cikin yawan jama'a. Tun daga 2012, yawan mutanen Novosibirsk yana ci gaba da ƙaruwa da mutane 10,000 - 30,000 a shekara. Kari kan haka, kimanin mutane 100,000, wadanda ba mazauna garin ba bisa tsari, suka zo Novosibirsk don yin aiki.
4. Daga cikin masanan tarihi na Novosibirsk, masu bin tarihi da yawa da kuma 'yan jarida akwai babban rashi na masu bita - mutanen da suke ganin cewa tarihin garin bai cika ba ko gurbata ne. Wasu daga cikin sifofinsu suna da alama wataƙila. Misali, sigar game da gina Novo-Nikolaevsk azaman ajiya ko sabon babban birni. Akwai tabbatattun abubuwa masu yawa wadanda a kaikaice suke tabbatar da wannan yiwuwar. Novonikolaevtsy ya sami gamsasshiyar amsa ga roƙonsu don amincewa da ƙudurinsu a matsayin birni da sauri. Adon cocin da sunan Alexander Nevsky an shirya shi da kansa ta wurin sarauniya da kuma babban duchess. Firayim Minista Pyotr Stolypin ya zo Novo-Nikolaevsk a ziyarar dubawa kuma ya bukaci shimfida tituna. Garuruwa nawa ne "ba-gundumomi" waɗanda suka kasance kuma waɗanda ake halarta wasannin farko na Rasha? Hanyar Rail-Trans-Siberian ta ƙetare manyan koguna 16, kuma babban birni ya tashi ne kawai a gadar kan Ob. Gaskiya na da matukar tayar da hankali. Amma masu bita nan da nan suka fara lika musu wasu tsoffin masarautu, manyan wayewa, don neman dacewar kalmomin sama da yare, da sauransu, wanda su da kansu suke tozarta duk bincikensu.
5. Red Avenue - babban titin Novosibirsk - ya taba zama filin saukar jirgin sama. A ranar 10 ga watan Yulin 1943, injin matukin jirgin Vasily Staroshchuk ya sami matsalar injin a yayin gwajin jirgi. A wannan lokacin, jirgin saman Staroshchuk ya kasance kai tsaye yana tsakiyar garin. Staroshchuk ya fahimci cewa bashi da isasshen tsayi da zai iya kulawa da garin, sai ya yanke shawarar sauko jirgin saman Krasny Prospekt. Abun takaici, saukar jirgin ya kare da hadari - jirgin ya fadi, matukin jirgin ya mutu. Koyaya, shawarar da Staroshchuk ya yanke daidai ne - babu wanda ya ji rauni sai dai matuƙin jirgin.
A cikin 2003, aikin matukin jirgi ya kasance tare da abin tunawa. Wani hatsarin jirgin a Novosibirsk ya ƙare da sakamako mafi ban tsoro. A ranar 28 ga Satumba, 1976, matukin jirgin kirar An-2 Vladimir Serkov ya tura motarsa zuwa gidan da surukinsa da surukarsa suka zauna - dangantakar dangi ba ta yi tasiri ba. Suruka tare da suruka ba ta gida, kuma Serkov ya rasa, ya faɗa cikin wani ɗakin. Bayan buga bangon gidan, jirgin ya fadi sannan wuta ta tashi. Shi kansa Serkov da wasu mazauna gidan 11 sun mutu.
Sakamakon harin ta'addanci na Vladimir Serkov
6. A cewar masu amfani da ɗayan shahararrun wuraren yawon bude ido da wuraren tafiye-tafiye, gidan Zoo na Novosibirsk yana ɗayan goma mafi kyau a Turai. An rubuta sunayen Mikhail Zverev da Rostislav Shilo a cikin haruffa zinare a tarihin ɗayan manyan namun daji a Rasha. Zverev, wanda aka fi sani da marubucin yara da masanin kimiyya, ya kirkiro samfurin gidan zoo nan gaba saboda tsananin sha'awa. Karatu tare da matasa yan asalin halitta, da farko ya fara rayuwa ta kusurwa, sannan ya tsallaka zuwa fadada shi zuwa tashar dabbobi, a lokaci guda yana karbar babban fili na gidan zoo na gaba. Wannan ya dawo cikin shekaru kafin yakin. A lokacin yakin, an kwashe dabbobi zuwa Novosibirsk daga gidajen zoo da ke yankin Turai na Tarayyar Soviet. Na dogon lokaci, gidan namun daji na Novosibirsk ya ci gaba da girgiza ko girgiza, har sai a shekarar 1969 Rostislav Shilo ya zama darakta, wanda ya fara aikinsa a matsayin mai tsabtace keji. Ba a tsoma baki cikin ayyukan guguwar Shilo ta hanyar rikice-rikice na ƙarfi, ko rushewar USSR da rikice-rikicen da ke tattare da shi. Cibiyar Kula da Dajin Novosibirsk tana ci gaba da bunkasa da fadada, kuma a lokaci guda ya zama tushe don binciken kimiyya da yawa. A ciki, a karo na farko a tarihi, an sami zuriyar otter kogi, farin damisa, shanun miski, takin da polar bear. A cikin Novosibirsk, sun sami nasarar tsallaka zaki da damisa, bayan sun sami liger. Yanzu gidan namun daji na Novosibirsk Zoo yana dauke da dabbobi sama da 11,000 na nau'ikan 770. Mutane miliyan 1.5 ke ziyarta a kowace shekara. Tare da gidan namun dajin na San Diego da Singapore, gidan namun daji na Novosibirsk yana daya daga cikin gidan gatan namun dajin da ake biyan ayyukansu ta hanyar siyar da tikiti da sauran kudin shiga.
7. Akwai labari mai yaduwa game da yadda Novosibirsk ya rayu lokaci guda a shiyyoyi biyu: lokacin a bankin dama yayi daidai da Moscow + 4 hours, da hagu - Moscow +3 hours. Wannan labarin ya shahara musamman lokacin takura kan lokacin sayar da giya a cikin Tarayyar Soviet. Sun ce shagunan giya da vodka a bankin dama sun riga sun rufe, amma kuna iya samun lokaci don buga hanyar zuwa bankin hagu. A zahiri, irin wannan haɗuwar lokaci ta wanzu ne kawai a farkon karni na ashirin, amma sai haɗin haɗin bankunan Ob ya yi rauni ƙwarai, kuma bambancin lokaci ya shafi adadi kaɗan na mutane. Tun daga 1924, duk Novosibirsk sun rayu daidai da lokacin Moscow + 4. Iyakar wannan yankin lokaci ya wuce kusan a yankin filin jirgin saman Tolmachevo. A hankali garin ya faɗaɗa, kuma dole ne a sake dawo da kan iyaka. A cikin 1957, sun yi shi ne kawai - sun haɗa da duk yankin Novosibirsk a cikin yankin lokaci MSK + 4.
8. A shekarar 1967 aka buɗe abin tunawa da ɗaukaka a Novosibirsk. Wannan hadadden abin tunawa, wanda aka kirkireshi da pylons guda biyar wanda yake alamta shekarun yaƙe-yaƙe da sassaka ta uwa mace, yana ci gaba koyaushe. A cikin rabin karnin da ya gabata, wurin shakatawa na kayan aikin soja, abin tunawa ga Knights na Order of Glory, stele tare da jerin Jarumai na Tarayyar Soviet da kuma jerin rabe-raben Siberiya a ciki. Har ila yau, abin tunawa ya hada da wani abu wanda aka zana da takobi, wanda ke alamta hadin kai na gaba da na baya, da kuma abubuwan tunawa da sunayen mutanen Novosibirsk wadanda suka mutu a lokacin rikice-rikice a Afghanistan, Yemen, Vietnam, Kampuchea, Chechnya, Abkhazia, Syria da sauran wuraren zafi. Ana yin komai da takurawa da dandano, kawai al'adar jefawa a cikin kwano na Wutar Dawwama tana da ɗan dacewa.
9. ofayan mashahuran gidan wasan kwaikwayo a cikin Novosibirsk ba shine mafi suna ba "Globe" (kamar yadda kuka sani, sunan iri ɗaya aka ba shi a gidan wasan kwaikwayon na Landan, wanda William Shakespeare ke wasa da gabatar da ayyukansa) Wannan gidan wasan kwaikwayo yana cikin ainihin ginin da aka gina kusan shekaru 20. A hangen nesa, ginin yana kama da jirgin ruwa, wanda shine dalilin da ya sa ake kiransa "Sailboat". Gidan wasan kwaikwayon kansa ya fara aikinsa a matsayin Gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Matasan kallo, sannan kuma za'a sake masa suna Theungiyar Wasannin Matasa na Ilimin.
10. A tsakiyar gari, a farkon Red Avenue, akwai ɗakin sujada na St. Nicholas the Wonderworker. Wasu sun ce yana tsaye daidai a tsakiyar yankin Rasha, wasu suna jayayya cewa, bisa ga bayanan hukuma na Geodesy da Cartography Service Service, tsakiyar Rasha tana cikin yankin Krasnoyarsk. Duk bangarorin suna da gaskiya a yadda suke so. Majami'ar Nicholas the Wonderworker a Novosibirsk an gina ta ne a ranar tunawa da shekaru 300 na daular Romanov, kuma tana tsaye daidai a tsakiyar yankin kasar Rasha da ta wanzu a farkon karni na 20, wato, Daular Rasha. Modernasar Rasha ta yau ta ragu a yamma, don haka cibiyarta ta koma gabas.
11. Hidimtawa Novosibirsk Tolmachevo tashar jirgin sama tana da nisan kilomita 17 daga garin. Tolmachevo shine filin jirgin sama mafi girma a Siberia. Jirgin sama na dukkan nau'ikan da ke akwai na iya sauka a kan dukkan hanyoyin biyu na tashar jirgin sama ta Novosibirsk. A cikin 2018, tashar jirgin saman ta ɗauki kusan fasinjoji miliyan 6 da ke ƙasa da tan 32,000 na kaya. Jiragen sama zuwa filayen jirgin sama da yawa na Rasha da na ƙasashen waje sun tashi daga Tolmachevo. A Tolmachevo ne a cikin 2003 cewa runduna ta musamman ta FSB suka hau jirgin Mikhail Khodorkovsky na kashin kansa don kama mai shi. An kafa filin jirgin saman ne bisa filin jirgin saman soja, saboda haka a farkon shekarun aikinsa (1957 - 1963) yanayin fasinjoji ya kasance mai tsananin Spartan. Amma sai tashar jirgin sama fiye da yadda aka yi wa lada kuma yanzu tana ɗaya daga cikin filayen jirgin sama na zamani a Rasha. Wadanda suka isa Novosibirsk a karon farko yawanci suna mamakin tayin da direbobin tasi ke yi don tuka mota mai rahusa zuwa Barnaul, Omsk ko Kemerovo. Me za ku iya yi, sikelin Siberian.
Tolmachevo a cikin 1960
Tolmachevo na zamani
12. A cikin 1986, mazaunan Novosibirsk sun sami jirgin karkashin kasa - har yanzu shi kadai ne a yankin Asiya na Rasha. Akwai tashoshi 13 akan layuka biyu na tashar jirgin ruwan Novosibirsk. Duk da karancin girman sa, jirgin kasan na daukar fasinjoji miliyan 80 a shekara. Jirgin karkashin kasa a cikin Novosibirsk ba shi da zurfi, matsakaicin mita 16. An yi wa tashoshin ado "a cikin salon Moscow" - tare da amfani da marmara, dutse, gilashi mai launi, zane-zane da ke fuskantar kayan ƙasa, manyan fitilu. Tafiya tare da alamar alama ta lokaci ɗaya tana biyan kuɗi 22 rubles, yayin amfani da rajistar fifiko shine rabin farashin.
13. Gidan ajiyar kayan tarihin Novosibirsk na Local Lore yana cikin gini, don ginin sa, koda a zamanin mu, ba mai wahala ga masu cin hanci da rashawa ba, jami'ai zasu tafi gidan yari. Emperor Nicholas II ya ware kuɗi don gina makarantu biyu daidai da matsayin garin Novonikolaevsk. An gina babban gini, kyakkyawa kuma mai faɗi. Tana da majalisar birni, sashen baitulmali, reshen Bankin Jiha, da sauran cibiyoyi da cibiyoyi masu amfani. An ba da hayar harabar ginin ga 'yan kasuwa. Makarantar, kamar yadda zaku iya tsammani, ba ta da wuri. Nicholas II, kamar yadda muka sani, ana yi masa laƙabi da jini. Ya azabtar da manyan masu girman kai Novonikolayev sosai - ya ba da ƙarin kuɗi don makarantu. A wannan karon an gina makarantu. Yanzu a ɗayan gine-ginen da aka gina a farkon ƙarni, makaranta mai lamba 19 tana, a cikin na biyu - gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Old House.
Gidan kayan gargajiya na gida
14. Hanya mafi tsayi a tafiyarsa ta ƙarshe zuwa gabas, Admiral Kolchak yayi a Novo-Nikolaevsk. Anan yayi sati biyu. A wannan lokacin, rarar zinariya ta Rasha, wanda masu shiga tsakani suka mayar da ita zuwa Kolchak, "nauyin da ya ɓace" ta tan 182, wanda ya yi daidai da miliyan 235 rubles (a farashin yanzu, wannan ya kusan dala biliyan 5.6). A bayyane yake cewa Kolchak ba zai iya kashe wannan kuɗin ba. Tabbas za a ga amalanken wannan girman. Da alama, an binne gwal a wani wuri a cikin birni.
15. Iklima ta Novosibirsk da wuya ake kiranta da daɗin rayuwa. Matsakaicin matsakaicin shekara-shekara na + 1.3 ° С tuni ya nuna cewa garin baya fama da zafin rana mai yawa, kodayake yana can latitude na Kaliningrad da Moscow. Novosibirsk yana kan fili mai buɗewa kusan kusan iska. A ka'ida, wannan yana nufin yiwuwar canje-canje kwatsam a cikin zafin jiki. Koyaya, ɗumamar ɗumi daga -20 ° C zuwa sifili da wuya ya kawo farin ciki ga kowa kuma ya inganta yanayi da walwala. Amma tsananin sanyi mai kaifi a tsayin bazara ko kaka ba shi da dadi sosai. A cikin Novosibirsk, har ma an sake jinkirta ranar birni saboda irin waɗannan rararrun yanayi. An shirya bikin ne a farkon Oktoba. Amma yunƙurin farko na fara gudanar da hutun ya gamu da cikas mai tsananin sanyi. Tun daga wannan lokacin, ana bikin Ranar Ranar Novosibirsk a ranar Lahadi ta ƙarshe na Yuni.
16. Grigory Budagov ya taka rawar gani a cikin farkon haɓaka Novo-Nikolaevsk. Ya kasance a wurin da birnin zai kasance nan gaba kusan daga ranar farko da aka kafa ta, yana aiki a matsayin babban injiniyan ginin gada. Koyaya, bukatun Budagov bai takaita da tashar jirgin ƙasa ba. Ya yi abubuwa da yawa don ilimantar da ma'aikatan da aka ba su amanar shi da yaransu. Injiniyan ya yi amfani da kudin sa wajen gina ginin dakin karatu tare da babban zaure don ayyukan masu zane. Madadin tashin hankali don ilimin jama'a, Budagov yayi aiki da hankali. Bugu da ƙari, ta amfani da nasa kuɗin, ya gina makaranta kuma ya ɗauki malamai aiki, sannan kuma ba kawai ya sami kuɗin jihar ba, har ma ya ba da gudummawa ga shawarar gina makarantu a kowane gari na ma'aikatan jirgin ƙasa. A sakamakon haka, a cikin 1912, garin ya gabatar da ilimin firamare na duniya. Wani babban injiniyan birni ya zauna a Novo-Nikolaevsk. Tare da taimakonsa, an ƙirƙiri ƙungiyar wuta. Budagov kuma ya gina ginin farko na dutse a cikin birni - haikalin da sunan Alexander Nevsky.
Grigory Budagov
17. Akwai abin tunawa ga linzamin kwamfuta a Novosibirsk. Wannan linzamin kwamfuta ba sauki bane, amma dakin gwaje-gwaje. Sun girka shi a kusa da Cibiyar Nazarin Cytology da Genetics a Akademgorodok. Abin tunawa shine siffa ta linzamin kwamfuta tare da allurai masu saka, daga ƙarƙashinta kwayar DNA ke fitowa. An tsara sararin da ke kewaye da hankali: fitilun da ke nuna matakan rabe-raben kwayar halitta, kwallaye masu alamomi da ke nuna kwayar halittar jini, magani da kuma ilimin kimiyyar lissafi, ana nuna dabbobin dakin gwaje-gwaje daban-daban a kan benci da abin da ke kan jiki.
18. Novosibirsk Akademgorodok na ɗaya daga cikin manyan cibiyoyin kimiyya a doron ƙasa. Tarihinta ya fara ne a 1957, lokacin da aka zartar da ƙudurin Majalisar Ministocin Tarayyar Soviet kan kafa cibiyar kimiyya a Novosibirsk. Tattalin arzikin kasar har yanzu ya ci gaba da rashin tasirin shekarun Stalinist, don haka aka fara ginin bayan shekara guda, kuma bayan shekaru biyu, aka bude Jami'ar Jihar ta Novosibirsk kuma aka ba da izinin gina gine-ginen farko. Akademgorodok ya haɓaka bisa tsari na gaba ɗaya, don haka yanayin aiki da rayuwa a ciki suna kusa da manufa. Yanzu Akademgorodok ya hada da cibiyoyin bincike 28, jami'a, kwalejoji biyu, lambun tsirrai har ma da babbar makarantar kwamandan sojoji.Kuma titin Lavrentiev, wanda akan dozin bayanan kimiyya iri biyu ne, shine mafi wayo a duniya.
19. Gadar metro ta Novosibirsk ita ce mafi gadar metro mafi tsayi a duniya. An buɗe shi a cikin Janairu 1986 tare da tashoshin farko na tashar jirgin ruwan Novosibirsk. Gadar metro ta haɗu da tashar Studencheskaya da Rechnoy Vokzal. Tsawon sashinta da yake wucewa akan Ob yakai mita 896, kuma tsawon gadar yakai mita 2,145. A waje, gadar metro tana kama da babban akwatin toka-toka, wanda aka saita a kan tallafi. Kuskure biyu aka yi a tsarinta. Sun juya ba su da wata ma'ana kuma an kawar da su da sauri. Dole ne a rufe windows masu kyan gani tare da zanen ƙarfe - canje-canje a cikin haske da duhu ya shafi hangen nesa na direbobi. Ba a lasafta tsarin yanayin zafin - ko iska mai sanyi ta shiga cikin gada, don haka dole ne a sanya labulen iska mai ɗumi akan mafi yawan gadar.
20. Matasa, a lokacin Babban Yaƙin rioasa, suna tsaye a gaban inji a kan kwalaye na katako, wannan game da Novosibirsk ne. Yayin yakin, an kwashe kamfanoni da yawa zuwa cikin gari. Babu ƙarancin ma'aikata. Matasa suna zuwa injunan. Koyaya, an sanya manya don su don kulawa, kuma yaran suna kera jirgi 14-17 a rana.
21. Novosibirsk ƙaramin birni ne kuma, bisa ga ra'ayoyin mutanen da ba sa cikin ikon tsaye da kuma sansanin 'yan kishin ƙasa, ya zama mara kyau. Bala'i uku na birni: haɓaka ci gaba, sadarwa da talla. Tabbas, zaku iya yin kirari: "Duba yadda karni na XIX yake kusa da XXI!", Amma a gaskiya ma, irin wannan ihun yana nufin cewa an gina babban gini ko cibiyar kasuwanci a kusa da abin tarihi. Banners na talla suna ɗayan ɗayan ba tare da wani tsarin ba. Kuma hanyoyin sadarwa na Novosibirsk, daga cunkoson ababen hawa zuwa ko'ina wayoyin da ke rataye a kan sanduna da matattun hanyoyin da ke cunkushe da motoci, ana iya kushe su har abada.
22. An gina ginin gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Novosibirsk Academic Opera da gidan wasan kwaikwayo na rawa a bisa irin wannan babban matsayin, kai kace Novosibirsk na shirin zama babban birnin duniya. Dome na wannan ginin ne kawai zai iya karɓar gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Bolshoi sosai. Yayin da ci gaba ke gudana, a hankali a hankali aka rage sha'awar masu zane, amma a ƙarshe ginin ya kasance mai ban sha'awa da girma. A lokacin Yaƙin Patasa da Patasa, farfajiyar gidan wasan kwaikwayo ta isa ta karɓi tarin gidajen kayan tarihi daga birane goma na Tarayyar Soviet.
