Idan tarihin Rasha ne aka rubuta ta hanyar fasaha, kuma ba ta mutane ba, to "dukkanmu" zai kasance, tare da girmama shi duka, ba Alexander Sergeevich Pushkin ba, amma Dmitry Ivanovich Mendeleev (1834 - 1907). Babban masanin kimiyyar Rasha yana daidai da manyan masanan kimiyya na duniya, kuma Dokarsa ta Lokaci na Kayan Sinadarai ɗayan manyan ƙa'idojin kimiyyar ƙasa ne.
Kasancewarsa mutum mai cikakken hankali, mai cikakken iko, Mendeleev na iya yin aiki mai ma'ana a bangarori daban-daban na kimiyya. Baya ga ilmin sunadarai, Dmitry Ivanovich ya “lura” a fannin kimiyyar lissafi da sararin samaniya, yanayin yanayi da aikin gona, ilimin zamani da tattalin arziƙin siyasa. Duk da cewa ba hali mafi sauki ba kuma yanayin sadarwa mai rikitarwa da kare ra'ayoyinsa, Mendeleev yana da ikon jayayya tsakanin masana kimiyya ba kawai a Rasha ba, amma a duk duniya.
Jerin ayyukan kimiyya da abubuwan da aka gano na D.I. Mendeleev bashi da wahalar samu. Amma yana da ban sha'awa a wuce tsarin shahararrun hotunan mai dogon gashi da kuma kokarin fahimtar wane irin mutum ne Dmitry Ivanovich, yadda mutum mai irin wannan matakin zai iya bayyana a kimiyyar Rasha, irin tunanin da yayi da kuma tasirin Mendeleev akan wadanda suke kusa dashi.
1. Dangane da wata sananniyar al'adar Rasha, daga 'ya'yan malamai wadanda suka yanke shawarar bin sahun mahaifinsu, daya ne ya kiyaye sunan karshe. Mahaifin D. I. Mendeleev ya yi karatu a makarantar hauza tare da brothersan uwansa maza uku. A cikin duniya da sun kasance, a cewar mahaifinsu, Sokolovs. Sabili da haka dattijo kawai Timofey ya kasance Sokolov. Ivan ya sami sunan uba Mendeleev daga kalmomin "musayar" da "yi" - a bayyane yake, ya kasance mai ƙarfi a cikin musanya sanannen a Rasha. Sunan mahaifi bai fi sauran mutane ba, ba wanda ya nuna rashin amincewa, kuma Dmitry Ivanovich ya rayu da kyakkyawar rayuwa tare da ita. Kuma lokacin da yayi suna a kimiyance har ya zama shahararren masanin kimiyya, sunansa na karshe ya taimaki wasu. A cikin 1880, wata baiwar ta bayyana ga Mendeleev, wacce ta gabatar da kanta a matsayin matar wani mai filin daga lardin Tver mai suna Mendeleev. Sun ƙi karɓar 'ya'yan Mendeleevs cikin ƙungiyar' yan tawaye. Dangane da ɗabi'a na lokacin, amsar "saboda rashin guraben aiki" an ɗauka kusan neman buɗaɗɗe ne don cin hanci. Tver Mendeleevs ba shi da kuɗi, sannan mahaifiya mai wahala ta yanke shawarar nuna cewa shugabannin gawarwakin sun ƙi karɓar psan uwan Mendeleev cikin rukunin ɗaliban. Nan da nan yaran suka shiga cikin gawar, kuma uwar da ba ta da son kai ta garzaya da Dmitry Ivanovich don ba da rahoton rashin da'a. Wace irin girmamawa za a samu don sunan sa na “karya” da Mendeleev zai yi tsammani?
2. A dakin motsa jiki, Dima Mendeleev bai yi karatu ba girgiza ko girgiza. Masu rubutun tarihi sun ba da rahoton cewa ya yi kyau a cikin ilimin kimiyyar lissafi, tarihi da lissafi, kuma Dokar Allah, harsuna kuma, sama da duka, Latin, aiki ne mai wahala a gare shi. Gaskiya ne, a jarabawar shiga babbar cibiyar koyar da ilmin koyar da ilimi ta Latin Mendeleev ya sami “hudu”, yayin da nasarorin nasa a kimiyyar lissafi da lissafi an kiyasta su a maki 3 da 3 “tare da kari”, bi da bi. Koyaya, wannan ya isa shiga.
3. Akwai tatsuniyoyi game da al'adun aikin hukuma na Rasha kuma an rubuta ɗaruruwan shafuka. Mendeleev kuma ya san su. Bayan kammala karatun, ya rubuta buƙatar aika shi zuwa Odessa. A can, a Richelieu Lyceum, Mendeleev ya so ya shirya jarabawar maigidan. Takaddar ta gamsu sosai, sakataren ne kawai ya rikitar da biranen kuma ya aika da mai karatun ba Odessa ba, amma zuwa Simferopol. Dmitry Ivanovich ya jefa irin wannan badakalar a cikin sashen da ke daidai na Ma'aikatar Ilimi har ta kai ga hankalin Ministan A.S. Norov. Ba a bambanta shi da jarabar ladabi, ya kira duka Mendeleev da shugaban sashen, kuma a cikin maganganun da suka dace ya bayyana wa waɗanda ke ƙarƙashin sa cewa ba su yi kuskure ba. Sannan Norkin ya tilasta ɓangarorin su sasanta. Kaico, a bisa dokokin lokacin, har ma minista bai iya soke umarnin nasa ba, kuma Mendeleev ya tafi Simferopol, kodayake kowa ya yarda cewa yana da gaskiya.
4. Shekarar 1856 ta kasance mai fa'ida musamman ga nasarar karatun Mendeleev. Yarinyar mai shekaru 22 ta yi gwajin baki uku da daya a rubuce don neman digiri na biyu a fannin ilmin sunadarai a watan Mayu. Mendeleev na tsawon watanni biyu na rani, Mendeleev ya rubuta takaddar karatu, a ranar 9 ga Satumba ya nemi a ba ta kariya, kuma a 21 ga Oktoba ya yi nasarar ba da kariya. Watanni 9, wanda ya kammala karatunsa na jiya a Main Institute of Pedagogical Institute ya zama mataimakin farfesa a sashen Chemistry a Jami'ar St. Petersburg.
5. A cikin rayuwarsa ta sirri D. Mendeleev ya canza tare da babban fadada tsakanin ji da aiki. A yayin tafiye-tafiye zuwa Jamus a cikin 1859-1861, ya yi ma'amala da 'yar fim din Bajamushe Agnes Voigtmann. Voigtman bai bar wata alama ba a cikin wasan kwaikwayon wasan kwaikwayo ba, amma, Mendeleev ya yi nesa da Stanislavsky wajen gane mummunan aikin kuma ya yi shekaru 20 yana biyan matar Bajamushe goyon baya ga ɗiyar da ake zargi. A Rasha, Mendeleev ya auri 'yar mai ba da labarin mai suna Pyotr Ershov, Feozva Leshcheva, kuma ya yi rayuwar nutsuwa tare da matarsa, wacce ta girme shi da shekaru 6. 'Ya'ya uku, matsayin da aka kafa ... Kuma a nan, kamar walƙiya ta fado, da farko haɗi tare da mai kula da ɗiyarsa, sa'annan wani ɗan gajeren kwanciyar hankali da soyayya da yarinya' yar shekara 16 Anna Popova. Mendeleev yana da shekaru 42 a lokacin, amma bambancin shekarunsa bai tsaya ba. Ya bar matarsa ta farko ya sake yin aure.
6. Rabuwa da matar ta farko da kuma na biyun a Mendeleev ya faru ne bisa ga duk kananun littattafan matan da babu su. Akwai komai: cin amana, rashin son matar farko ta saki, barazanar kashe kanta, gudun sabon masoyi, sha'awar matar ta farko ta karbi diyyar kayan aiki kamar yadda ya kamata, da dai sauransu. na tsawon shekaru 6 - ba zai iya sake yin aure ba a wannan lokacin. Daya daga cikin matsalolin Rasha na har abada wannan lokacin ya taka rawar gani. Don cin hanci na 10,000 rubles, wani firist ya rufe ido daga tuba. Mendeleev da Anna Popova sun zama mata da miji. Firist ɗin ya kasance an haramta shi sosai, amma an kammala auren bisa ga ƙa'idar canons.
7. Mendeleev ya rubuta ingantaccen littafinsa "Organic Chemistry" kawai saboda dalilai na kasuwanci. Dawowa daga Turai, yana bukatar kuɗi, kuma ya yanke shawarar karɓar Lambar Demidov, wanda za a ba shi don mafi kyawun littafin ilimin sunadarai. Adadin kyautar - kusan rubel 1,500 na azurfa - ya ba Mendeleev mamaki. Duk da haka, don sau uku ƙasa da kuɗi, shi, Alexander Borodin da Ivan Sechenov, sun yi wata tafiya mai ɗaukaka a cikin Paris! Mendeleev ya rubuta littafinsa a cikin watanni biyu kuma ya ci kyautar farko.
8. Mendeleev bai kirkiri vodka 40% ba! Haƙiƙa ya rubuta a 1864, kuma a 1865 ya kare rubutunsa "A kan haɗuwar giya da ruwa", amma babu wata kalma game da nazarin biochemical game da hanyoyin magance giya daban-daban a cikin ruwa, har ma fiye da haka game da tasirin waɗannan mafita ga mutane. An ƙaddamar da takaddun don canje-canje a cikin yawaitar hanyoyin shan ruwa-giya dangane da ƙimar barasa. Matsakaicin ƙarfin ƙarfi na 38%, wanda aka fara zagaye har zuwa 40%, an zartar da shi ta hanyar mafi girma a cikin 1863, shekara guda kafin babban masanin kimiyyar na Rasha ya fara rubuta littafin nasa. A cikin 1895, Mendeleev ya shiga hannu kai tsaye a cikin tsarin samar da vodka - ya kasance memba na kwamitin gwamnati don inganta samarwa da sayar da vodka. Koyaya, a cikin wannan hukumar Mendeleev ya shafi batun tattalin arziki ne kawai: haraji, haraji, da dai sauransu. William Pokhlebkin ne ya ba da taken “mai ƙirƙira kashi 40%” na Mendeleev. Wararren masanin ilmin girke-girke kuma masanin tarihi ya shawarci ɓangaren Rasha game da yin takaddama tare da masana'antun ƙasashen waje game da alamar vodka. Ko dai yaudara da gangan, ko kuma bai binciko cikakken bayanin da ke akwai ba, Pokhlebkin ya yi jayayya cewa an tuka vodka a Rasha tun fil azal, kuma Mendeleev da kansa ya ƙirƙira daidaitaccen kashi 40%. Maganarsa ba ta dace da gaskiya ba.
9. Mendeleev mutum ne mai yawan tattalin arziki, amma ba tare da rowa da ke tattare da irin wadannan mutane ba. Ya yi lissafi sosai sannan ya fara rubuta nasa, sannan kuma ya kashe kuɗin iyali. Ya shafi makarantar mahaifiya, wacce ke tafiyar da rayuwar dangi da kanta, suna kokarin kiyaye rayuwa mai kyau tare da karancin kudin shiga. Mendeleev ya ji bukatar kuɗi kawai a cikin ƙuruciyarsa. Daga baya, ya tsaya da ƙafafunsa da ƙarfi, amma al'ada ta sarrafa nasa kuɗi, adana littattafan lissafi, ya kasance ko da ya sami ribar 25,000 mai girma a shekara tare da albashin farfesa na jami'a na 1,200 rubles.
10. Ba za a iya cewa Mendeleev ya jawo wa kansa matsaloli ba, amma akwai isassun abubuwan da suka faru a cikin rayuwarsa. Misali, a cikin shekarar 1887 ya hau samaniya a cikin iska mai zafi don kallon kusufin rana. A waɗannan shekarun, wannan aikin ya kasance mara mahimmanci, har ma masanin da kansa ya san dukiyar gas da lissafin ɗaga balloons. Amma husufin Rana ya ɗauki minti biyu, kuma Mendeleev ya tashi a cikin balan-balan sannan ya dawo na tsawon kwanaki biyar, yana ba da babbar damuwa ga ƙaunatattunsa.
11. A 1865 Mendeleev ya sayi gidan Boblovo a lardin Tver. Wannan rukunin mallakar ya taka rawar gani a rayuwar Mendeleev da danginsa. Dmitry Ivanovich ya sarrafa gonar tare da ilimin kimiyya na gaske, mai hankali. Ta yaya ya san abin da ya mallaka ta hanyar wasiƙar da ba a aika ba, ga alama ga abokin ciniki. A bayyane yake daga gare ta cewa Mendeleev ya san ba kawai yankin da gandun daji ya mamaye ba, amma kuma yana sane da shekaru da kuma darajar da ke tattare da shafuka daban-daban. Masanin ya lissafa gine-gine (duk sabo ne, an rufe shi da baƙin ƙarfe), kayan aikin gona daban-daban, gami da "masussukar Ba'amurke", shanu da dawakai. Bugu da ƙari, malamin farfesa na St. Petersburg har ma ya ambaci 'yan kasuwa da ke siyar da kayayyakin masarufi da wuraren da yafi fa'idar hayar ma'aikata. Mendeleev ba baƙo ba ne ga lissafin kuɗi. Ya kiyasta kadara zuwa 36,000 rubles, yayin da na 20,000 ya yarda ɗaukar jingina a 7% a shekara.
12. Mendeleev ya kasance ɗan kishin ƙasa na gaske. Ya kare bukatun Rasha koyaushe da ko'ina, ba tare da banbanci tsakanin ƙasa da 'yan ƙasa ba. Dmitry Ivanovich ba ya son shahararren masanin kimiyyar magunguna Alexander Pel. Shi, a cewar Mendeleev, ya kasance abin yabawa ga shugabannin Yammacin Turai. Koyaya, lokacin da kamfani na Jamus Schering ya saci Pel sunan magani Spermin, wanda aka samo daga tsinkayen dabbobi, Mendeleev ya yi barazanar kawai ga Jamusawa. Nan take suka canza sunan magungunan su na roba.
13. Tebur na lokaci-lokaci na abubuwan sinadarai na D. Mendeleev ya kasance 'ya' yan shekarun da yayi yana nazarin abubuwan da ke cikin sinadarai, kuma bai bayyana ba sakamakon haddar wani mafarki. Dangane da bayanan dangin masanin, a ranar 17 ga Fabrairu, 1869, yayin karin kumallo, ba zato ba tsammani ya zama mai tunani kuma ya fara rubuta wani abu a bayan wasiƙar da ta zo hannunta (an girmama wasiƙar daga sakataren Free Economic Society, Hodnen). Sannan Dmitry Ivanovich ya zaro katunan kasuwanci da yawa daga aljihun tebur ya fara rubuta sunayen abubuwan sunadarai akan su, a kan hanyar sanya katunan a cikin tebur. Da yamma, bisa ga abin da yake tunani, masanin ya rubuta wata kasida, wanda ya miƙa wa abokin aikinsa Nikolai Menshutkin don karantawa washegari. Don haka, gabaɗaya, ɗayan manyan abubuwan bincike a tarihin kimiyya ana yin su ne a kullun. Mahimmancin Dokar Lokaci ya tabbata ne kawai bayan shekarun da suka gabata, lokacin da sababbin abubuwa “masu annabta” ta teburin suka fara gano sannu a hankali, ko kuma aka bayyana kaddarorin waɗanda aka riga aka gano.
14. A cikin rayuwar yau da kullun, Mendeleev mutum ne mai matukar wahala. Canjin yanayi nan da nan ya firgita hatta danginsa, don kada su ce komai game da dangin da suka saba zama tare da Mendeleevs. Koda Ivan Dmitrievich, wanda ya yiwa mahaifinsa ladabi, ya ambata a cikin littafinsa na tarihi yadda mambobin gidan suka ɓoye a cikin kusurwar gidan farfesa a St. Petersburg ko kuma wani gida a Boblov. A lokaci guda, ba shi yiwuwa a hango yanayin Dmitry Ivanovich, ya dogara da kusan abubuwan da ba za a iya fahimta ba. Anan ya, bayan karin kumallo maras gamsuwa, yana shirin aiki, sai ya gano cewa rigarsa ta ƙarfe, daga ra'ayinsa, da kyau. Wannan ya isa ga mummunan yanayi don farawa tare da zagi ga bawa da matar. Wurin yana tare da jefa duk rigunan da ke akwai a cikin farfajiyar. Da alama dai aƙalla hari na gab da farawa. Amma yanzu mintuna biyar sun wuce, kuma tuni Dmitry Ivanovich ya nemi gafara daga matarsa da kuyangar, an dawo da zaman lafiya da kwanciyar hankali. Har zuwa yanayi na gaba.
15. A cikin 1875, Mendeleev ya kirkiro kirkirar hukumar kimiya don gwada shahararrun matsafa da sauran masu shirya matakan ruhaniya. Hukumar ta gudanar da gwaje-gwaje a cikin gidan Dmitry Ivanovich. Tabbas, hukumar ba ta iya samun wata shaidar ayyukan wasu sojojin duniya ba. Mendeleev, a gefe guda, ya gabatar da lacca ba da daɗewa ba (wanda ba ya son shi sosai) a cikin Technicalungiyar Fasaha ta Rasha. Hukumar ta kammala aikinta a shekarar 1876, inda ta fatattaki "masu sihiri". Abin da ya ba Mendeleev da abokan aikinsa mamaki, wani ɓangare na "wayewa" jama'a sun la'anci aikin hukumar. Hukumar har ta karbi wasiku daga ministocin cocin! Masanin da kansa ya yi imanin cewa ya kamata hukumar ta yi aiki aƙalla don ganin yadda yawan waɗanda aka yi wa kuskure kuma aka ruɗe za su iya zama.
16. Dmitry Ivanovich ya ƙi jinin sauyi a tsarin siyasar jihohi. Ya yi imani da gaskiya cewa duk wani juyin-juya hali ba wai kawai yana dakatarwa ko jifa da tsarin ci gaban karfin al'umma ba ne. Juyin juya halin koyaushe, kai tsaye ko a kaikaice, yana tattara girbinsa a cikin mafi kyawun sonsa sonsan Fatherasar mahaifin. Biyu daga cikin fitattun daliban sa sun kasance masu yuwuwar kawo sauyi Alexander Ulyanov da Nikolai Kibalchich. Dukansu an rataye su a lokuta daban-daban saboda shiga cikin yunƙurin rayuwar sarki.
17. Dmitry Ivanovich sau da yawa yakan tafi kasashen waje. Wani sashi na tafiye-tafiyensa zuwa ƙasashen waje, musamman a ƙuruciyarsa, an bayyana shi ne da sha'awar ilimin kimiyya. Amma sau da yawa dole ne ya bar Rasha don dalilai na wakilai. Mendeleev mai iya magana ne, har ma da ɗan shiri kaɗan, ya gabatar da jawabai masu zafi. A cikin 1875, kaifin magana na Mendeleev ya juyar da tafiya ta yau da kullun ta wakilai daga Jami'ar St. An yi bikin cika shekaru 400 na Jami'ar Leiden, kuma Dmitry Ivanovich ya taya abokan aikinsa na Holland murna da irin wannan jawabi wanda ya sa wakilan Rasha suka cika da gayyata zuwa liyafar cin abinci da hutu. A wata liyafa tare da sarki, Mendeleev ya zauna tsakanin sarakunan jini. A cewar masanin ilimin kansa, duk abin da ke cikin Holland yana da kyau ƙwarai, kawai “Ustatok ne ya ci nasara”.
18. Kusan magana daya da aka gabatar a laccar a jami'a ta sanya Mendeleev ya kasance mai kin jinin Semite. A cikin 1881, an tsokano tarzomar ɗalibai a Dokar - wani nau'in rahoton shekara-shekara na jama'a - na Jami'ar St. Petersburg. Studentsalibai ɗari da yawa, waɗanda abokan karatunsu suka shirya P. Podbelsky da L. Kogan-Bernstein, suka tsananta wa shugaban jami’ar, kuma ɗayan ɗaliban ya bugi Ministan Ilimin Jama’a na A. A. Saburov. Mendeleev bai fusata ba har ma da gaskiyar zagin ministan, amma da gaskiyar cewa hatta daliban da ke tsaka-tsaki ko masu biyayya ga hukuma sun amince da mummunan aikin. Kashegari, a wata laccar da aka shirya, Dmitry Ivanovich ya kauce daga batun kuma ya karanta wata gajeriyar shawara ga ɗalibai, wanda ya gama da kalmomin “Kogans ba kohans ba ne a gare mu” (Russianan Rasha ɗan “Ba a kaunarsa”). Straungiyar ci gaban jama'a ta daɗaɗa da ruri, Mendeleev ya tilasta barin tafarkin laccoci.
19. Bayan barin jami'a, Mendeleev ya fara haɓaka da samar da hoda mara hayaƙi.Na ɗauka, kamar koyaushe, sosai da kuma ɗaukar nauyi. Ya yi balaguro zuwa Turai - tare da ikonsa babu buƙatar ɗan leƙen asiri, kowa ya nuna komai kansa. Abubuwan da aka yanke bayan tafiyar ba su da wata ma'ana - kuna buƙatar fito da kayan bindiga. Tare da abokan aikin sa, Mendeleev ba wai kawai sun kirkiro girke-girke da fasaha don samar da maganin gunpowder na pyrocollodion ba, amma kuma sun fara kirkirar wata shuka ta musamman. Koyaya, sojoji a cikin kwamitoci da kwamitocin a sauƙaƙe suna faɗar abin da ya zo daga Mendeleev da kansa. Babu wanda ya ce gunbin miyagu ne, babu wanda ya ƙaryata maganganun Mendeleev. Abin sani kawai ko ta yaya kamar wannan duk lokacin da ya juya cewa wani abu bai riga ya yi lokaci ba, ma'ana, ya fi kulawa muhimmanci. A sakamakon haka, wani dan leken asirin Amurka ya saci samfuran da fasahar wanda nan da nan ya ba su izinin mallaka. Ya kasance a cikin 1895, har ma bayan shekaru 20, a lokacin Yaƙin Duniya na ,aya, Rasha ta sayi foda marar hayaki daga Amurka tare da rancen Amurka. Amma jama'a, 'yan bindigar ba su bar fararen farar hula ya koya musu samar da maganin bindiga ba.
20. An tabbatar da tabbaci cewa babu sauran zuriyar Dmitry Ivanovich Mendeleev da suka rage a Rasha. Na ƙarshe daga cikinsu, jikan 'yarsa ta ƙarshe Maria, an haife shi a 1886, ya mutu ba da daɗewa ba daga mummunan bala'in maza na Rasha. Wataƙila zuriyar babban masanin kimiyya suna zaune a Japan. Menan Mendeleev daga aurensa na farko, Vladimir, mai jirgin ruwa na ruwa, ya auri matar aure a Japan, kamar yadda dokar Japan ta tanada. Daga nan matuƙan baƙi na ƙasashen waje na iya yin ɗan lokaci, na tsawon lokacin da jirgin ya tsaya a tashar, su auri matan Japan. Matar wucin gadi na Vladimir Mendeleev ana kiranta Taka Khidesima. Ta haifi 'ya mace, kuma Dmitry Ivanovich a koyaushe yana aika kuɗi zuwa Japan don tallafawa jikarta. Babu ingantaccen bayani game da ƙarshen makomar Tako da ɗiyarta Ofuji.
