Mikhail Borisovich Khodorkovsky - businessmanan kasuwar Rasha, ɗan siyasa da jama'a, mai talla. ya kasance mamallaki ne kuma shugaban kamfanin mai na Yukos. Hukumomin Rasha sun kame shi bisa zargin almubazzaranci da kin biyan haraji a ranar 25 ga Oktoba, 2003. A lokacin kamun nasa, yana daya daga cikin attajiran duniya, an kiyasta arzikinsa ya kai dala biliyan 15.
A shekarar 2005, wata kotun Rasha ta same shi da laifin zamba da sauran laifuka. An shigar da kamfanin YUKOS don fatarar kuɗi. A cikin 2010-2011 an yanke masa hukunci a ƙarƙashin sabon yanayi; la’akari da kararraki da suka biyo baya, adadin lokacin da kotu ta kayyade shi ne shekaru 10 da watanni 10.
Tarihin rayuwar Mikhail Khodorkovsky ya ƙunshi abubuwa masu ban sha'awa da yawa daga rayuwarsa har ma fiye da jama'a.
Don haka, a gabanku gajeriyar tarihin Khodorkovsky.
Tarihin rayuwar Mikhail Khodorkovsky
Mikhail Khodorkovsky an haife shi ne a ranar 26 ga Yuni, 1963 a Moscow. Ya girma kuma ya girma cikin dangin aiki mai sauki.
Mahaifinsa, Boris Moiseevich, da mahaifiyarsa, Marina Filippovna, sun yi aiki a matsayin injiniyoyin sinadarai a kamfanin Kalibr, wanda ya samar da kayan auna ma'auni.
Yara da samari
Har zuwa shekara 8, Mikhail ya dunguma tare da iyayensa a cikin wani gida na gama gari, bayan haka dangin Khodorkovsky sun sami nasu gidan.
Daga ƙuruciya, ɗan kasuwa na gaba ya bambanta da son sani da ƙwarewar ƙwaƙwalwa mai kyau.
Mikhail yafi son ilimin sunadarai, sakamakon haka yakan gudanar da gwaje-gwaje iri-iri. Ganin sha'awar ɗan ga ainihin ilimin, mahaifin da mahaifiya sun yanke shawarar tura shi zuwa wata makaranta ta musamman tare da zurfin nazarin ilimin sunadarai da lissafi.
Bayan karbar takardar makaranta, Khodorkovsky ya zama ɗalibi a Cibiyar Fasaha ta Chemicalasa ta Moscow. D.I. Mendeleev.
A jami'a, Mikhail ya sami manyan maki a duk fannoni. Wani abin ban sha'awa shi ne cewa a wannan lokacin na tarihin sa dole ne ya samu kudi a matsayin masassaƙi a cikin haɗin gwiwar gidaje don samun hanyoyin samun buƙatu na yau da kullun.
A cikin 1986, Khodorkovsky ya kammala karatu tare da girmamawa daga makarantar, ya zama ingantaccen injiniyan aikin injiniya.
Ba da daɗewa ba, Mikhail da abokan aikinsa suka sami Cibiyar Kimiyyar kere-kere da kere-kere ta Matasa. Godiya ga wannan aikin, yana kulawa da haɗuwa da babban jari.
A cikin layi daya da wannan, Khodorkovsky yayi karatu a Cibiyar Tattalin Arziki ta Kasa. Plekhanov. A can ne ya hadu da Alexei Golubovich, wanda danginsa suka rike manyan mukamai a Bankin Jiha na Tarayyar Soviet.
Bank "Manatep"
Godiya ga aikin kasuwancin sa na farko da kuma saninsa da Golubovich, Khodorkovsky ya sami damar shiga babbar kasuwar kasuwancin.
A cikin 1989, mutumin ya kirkiro bankin kasuwanci na Menatep, ya zama shugaban kwamitin sa. Wannan banki na ɗaya daga cikin na farko a cikin Tarayyar Soviet don karɓar lasisin ƙasa.
Shekaru uku bayan haka, Mikhail Khodorkovsky ya nuna sha'awar kasuwancin mai. Ta hanyar kokarin da sanannun jami'ai suka samu, ya zama shugaban Asusun Tallafa Jarin Jari a Rukunin Man Fetur da Makamashi tare da yancin mataimakin ministan mai da makamashi.
Don yin aiki a cikin ma'aikatun gwamnati, an tilasta wa ɗan kasuwar barin matsayin shugaban bankin, amma a zahiri, duk ragamar mulkin har yanzu yana hannun sa.
Menatep ya fara haɗin gwiwa tare da manyan masana'antun da ke aiki a cikin masana'antun, man fetur da ɓangarorin abinci.
YUKOS
A cikin 1995, Khodorkovsky yayi babban aiki, inda ya canza 10% na hannun jarin Menatep na kashi 45% na Yukos, matatar mai mallakar ƙasa, ta farko dangane da arzikin mai.
Daga baya, dan kasuwar ya mallaki wani 35% na amintattun, a sakamakon haka ya riga ya mallaki kashi 90% na hannun jarin YUKOS.
Abin lura ne cewa a wancan lokacin kamfanin matatar man yana cikin mummunan hali. Ya ɗauki Khodorkovsky 6 tsawon shekaru don fitar da Yukos daga cikin rikicin.
A sakamakon haka, kamfanin ya sami nasarar zama daya daga cikin shugabannin duniya a kasuwar makamashi, tare da jarin sama da dala miliyan 40. A shekarar 2001, Mikhail Khodorkovsky, tare da abokan hadin gwiwa na kasashen waje, sun bude kungiyar agaji ta Openrussia Foundation.
Shari'ar Yukos
A lokacin bazarar 2003, a tashar jirgin sama a Novosibirsk, 'yan sanda sun kama attajirin nan Khodorkovsky. An zargi wanda ke tsare da satar kudaden gwamnati da kuma kin biyan haraji.
An gudanar da bincike cikin sauri a ofishin YUKOS, kuma an kame duk hannun jari da asusun kamfanin.
Kotun ta Rasha ta yanke hukuncin cewa Khodorkovsky shi ne wanda ya kirkiro kirkirar wata kungiyar masu laifi wacce ta tsunduma cikin cinikin hannayen jari a wasu kamfanoni.
Sakamakon haka, Yukos ya kasa sake fitar da mai kuma nan da nan ya sake samun kansa cikin mawuyacin hali. Duk kudaden da aka samu daga kadarorin kamfanin an tura su ne domin biyan bashin ga jihar.
A cikin 2005, Mikhail Borisovich an yanke masa hukuncin shekaru 8 a cikin mulkin mallaka na gama gari.
A karshen shekarar 2010, yayin shari’ar ta biyu, kotun ta sami Khodorkovsky da abokin aikinsa Lebedev da laifin satar mai kuma ta yanke musu hukuncin shekaru 14 a gidan yari bisa la’akari da hukuncin da aka tara. Daga baya an rage wa'adin daurin.
Yawancin mashahuran siyasa da jama'a sun goyi bayan Mikhail Khodorkovsky, gami da Boris Akunin, Yuri Luzhkov, Boris Nemtsov, Lyudmila Alekseeva da sauransu. Sun dage cewa a cikin shari'ar YUKOS an keta doka a cikin "mummunar hanya da rashin hankali."
Gaskiya mai ban sha'awa ita ce cewa oligarch ma 'yan siyasan Amurka sun kare shi. Sun fito ne tare da kakkausar suka game da shari'ar Rasha.
Yayin da yake karewa a kurkuku, Mikhail Khodorkovsky ya tafi yajin cin abinci sau 4 don nuna adawa. Wannan ya kasance ɗayan mawuyacin lokuta a tarihin rayuwarsa.
Ya kamata a lura cewa a cikin mulkin mallaka jami'an tsaro da fursunoni sun sha kai masa hari.
Da zarar, abokin aikin sa, Alexander Kuchma, ya kaiwa Khodorkovsky wuka, wanda ya sare fuskarsa. Daga baya, Kuchma ya yarda cewa mutanen da ba a sani ba sun ingiza shi ga aikata irin waɗannan abubuwa, waɗanda a zahiri suka tilasta shi ya kai hari ga mai girman mai.
Lokacin da Mikhail ke cikin kurkuku, ya fara shiga rubuce-rubuce. A tsakiyar shekarun 2000, an buga littattafansa: "Rikicin 'Yanci", "Hagu Juya", "Gabatarwa zuwa Nan gaba. Zaman lafiya a shekarar 2020 ”.
Bayan lokaci, Khodorkovsky ya wallafa wasu ayyuka, inda shahararriyar ita ce "Mutanen Kurkuku". A ciki, marubucin yayi magana dalla-dalla game da rayuwar gidan yari.
A watan Disambar 2013, Shugaban Rasha Vladimir Putin ya sanya hannu kan umarnin yin afuwa ga Mikhail Khodorkovsky.
Da zarar an kyauta, oligarch ya tashi zuwa Jamus. A can, ya ba da sanarwar a fili cewa ba ya da niyyar shiga siyasa da kasuwanci. Ya kuma kara da cewa, a nasa bangaren, zai yi duk mai yiwuwa don sakin fursunonin siyasa na Rasha.
Duk da haka, bayan wasu yan shekaru, Khodorkovsky ya bayyana aniyarsa ta tsayawa takarar shugabancin kasar domin sauya yanayin lamura a jihar da kyau.
Rayuwar mutum
A cikin shekarun tarihin rayuwarsa, Khodorkovsky ya yi aure sau biyu.
Tare da matarsa ta farko, Elena Dobrovolskaya, ya sadu a lokacin ɗalibinsa. Ba da daɗewa ba ma'auratan suka haifi ɗa, Pavel.
A cewar Mikhail, wannan auren bai yi nasara ba. Duk da haka, ma'auratan sun rabu lafiya kuma a yau suna ci gaba da kasancewa cikin jituwa.
A karo na biyu Khodorkovsky ya auri ma'aikacin Bankin Menatep - Inna Valentinovna. Matasa sun yi aure a shekarar 1991, a daidai lokacin faduwar USSR.
A cikin wannan ƙungiyar, ma'auratan suna da yarinya Anastasia da tagwaye biyu - Ilya da Gleb.
A cewar mahaifiyarsa, Khodorkovsky ba ya yarda da addini. A lokaci guda, majiyoyi da yawa suna nuna cewa ya yi imani da Allah lokacin da yake kurkuku.
Mikhail Khodorkovsky a yau
A cikin 2018, an ƙaddamar da aikin United Democrats don ba da taimakon da ya dace ga 'yan takarar da aka zaɓa a zaɓen yanki na 2019.
An biya kuɗin aikin tare da tallafin kai tsaye na Khodorkovsky.
Mikhail Borisovich shi ne kuma wanda ya kafa kungiyar Dossier, wacce ke binciko makircin cin hanci da rashawa da shugabancin jihar ya yi.
Khodorkovsky yana da nasa tashar YouTube, da kuma asusun ajiya akan sanannun hanyoyin sadarwar jama'a.
Sadarwa tare da masu kallo, Mikhail galibi yana sukar Vladimir Putin da ayyukan gwamnati. A cewarsa, kasar ba za ta iya ci gaba cikin aminci ba muddin mulki na hannun ‘yan siyasa na yanzu.
Hoton Mikhail Khodorkovsky
