Alexander Yaroslavich Nevsky (a cikin zuhudu Alexy; 1221-1263) - Prince of Novgorod, Grand Duke of Kiev, Grand Duke of Vladimir da shugaban soja. A cikin Rasha Orthodox Church canonized.
Akwai abubuwan ban sha'awa da yawa a cikin tarihin rayuwar Alexander Nevsky, wanda zamuyi magana akansa a wannan labarin.
Don haka, a gabanka ɗan gajeren tarihin Alexander Nevsky ne.
Tarihin rayuwar Alexander Nevsky
An haifi Alexander Nevsky a ranar 13 ga Mayu, 1221 a garin Pereslavl-Zalessky. Shi ɗa ne ga ɗan sarki Pereyaslavl (daga baya yariman Kiev da Vladimir) Yaroslav Vsevolodovich da matarsa, Princess Rostislava Mstislavna.
Alexander yana da 'yan'uwa maza 8: Fedor, Andrey, Mikhail, Daniel, Konstantin, Yaroslav, Athanasius da Vasily, da kuma' yan'uwa mata biyu - Maria da Ulyana.
Lokacin da kwamandan da ke gaba ya kasance bai kai shekara 4 da haihuwa ba, shi da 'yan'uwansa suka ba da izinin farawa a cikin mayaƙa, wanda mahaifinsa ya shirya. A cikin 1230 Yaroslav Vsevolodovich ya ɗora 'ya'yansa maza Alexander da Fyodor a kan mulkin Novgorod.
3 shekaru daga baya, Fedor ya mutu, wanda sakamakon haka Alexander Nevsky ya zama shine shugaban mulkin birni.
Yakin soja
Tarihin Alexander ya haɗu sosai da yaƙe-yaƙe. A kamfen dinsa na farko, basaraken ya tafi tare da mahaifinsa zuwa Dorpat, da nufin sake kwato garin daga hannun 'yan Livoniya. A wannan yaƙin, sojojin Rasha sun kayar da jarumawan.
Sannan yakin Smolensk tare da sojojin Lithuania ya fara, inda nasara ta kasance ga rundunar Alexander Yaroslavovich. A ranar 15 ga watan Yulin 1240, aka yi shahararren Yaƙin Neva tsakanin Swedan Sweden da Russia. Na farko sunyi kokarin mallake Ladoga, amma basuyi nasarar cimma burinsu ba.
Rukunin Alexander, ba tare da taimakon babban runduna ba, sun ci abokan gaba a haɗuwar kogunan Izhora da Neva. Bayan wannan nasarar ta tarihi ne aka fara kiran basaraken Novgorod Alexander Nevsky.
Gaskiya mai ban sha'awa ita ce kasancewar yaƙin an san shi ne kawai daga asalin Rasha, yayin da a cikin tarihin Sweden babu ambaton yakin guda ɗaya. Tushen farko na ambaton yakin shine Novgorod First Chronicle, wanda yayi kwanan wata zuwa karni na 14.
A cewar wannan takaddar, bayan da ya sami labarin mummunan harin da jiragen ruwan Sweden suka kai, yariman Novgorod mai shekaru 20 Alexander Yaroslavich ya hanzarta motsa kananan tawagarsa da mutanen yankin kan makiya kafin ya isa Tafkin Ladoga.
Koyaya, bayan yakin nasara, Novgorod boyars sun fara tsoron karuwar tasirin Alexander. Ta hanyar dabaru da dabaru daban-daban, sun sami nasarar tabbatar da cewa yariman ya tafi wurin Vladimir ga mahaifinsa.
Ba da daɗewa ba sojojin na Jamusa suka tafi yaƙi da Rasha, suka mamaye Pskov, Izborsk, ƙasashen Vozhsky da kuma garin Koporye. A sakamakon haka, jarumawan sun kusanci Novgorod. Wannan ya haifar da gaskiyar cewa boyars din da kansu sun fara roƙon Nevsky ya dawo ya taimake su.
A cikin 1241 kwamandan ya isa Novgorod. Tare da mutanensa, ya 'yantar da Pskov, kuma a ranar 5 ga Afrilu, 1242, aka yi wani yaki mai cike da tarihi a tafkin Peipsi, wanda aka fi sani da yakin kankara. Alexander ya fuskanci Teutonic Knights, waɗanda suka shirya sosai don yaƙi.
Ganin cewa abokan gaba sun fi kyau da makamai, yariman Rasha ya tafi wata dabara. Ya yaudari makiya da ke sanye da kayan ɗamara zuwa kankara ƙanƙara. Yawancin lokaci, kankara ba zata iya jure manyan bindigogin Jamusawa ba kuma ta fara fashewa.
Teutons sun fara nutsuwa kuma sun watse cikin tsoro. Koyaya, sojan doki na Rasha masu kai hare-hare daga bangarorin sun sami nasarar dakatar da duk wani ƙoƙari na tserewa. Bayan ƙarshen Yaƙin Ice, umarni mai ƙarfi ya watsar da duk nasarorin da aka yi kwanan nan.
Koyaya, duk da nasarorin da aka samu akan Livonians, 'yan Novgorodians ba su ɗauki wani mataki na ci gaba zuwa yamma zuwa Finland ko Estonia ba.
Bayan shekaru 3, Alexander Nevsky ya 'yantar da Torzhok, Toropets da Bezhetsk, wadanda suke karkashin ikon Lithuanians. Sannan ya riski ya fatattaki ragowar sojojin Lithuania.
Hukumar gudanarwa
Bayan da mahaifin Alexander ya mutu a 1247, ya zama basaraken Kiev. A wancan lokacin, Rasha ta kasance karkiyar karkiyar Tatar-Mongol.
Bayan mamayar Livonia, Nevsky ya ci gaba da ƙarfafa Arewa maso Yammacin Rasha. Ya aike da wakilansa zuwa kasar Norway, wanda ya kai ga cimma yarjejeniyar zaman lafiya tsakanin Rasha da Norway a shekarar 1251. Alexander ya jagoranci rundunarsa zuwa Finland, inda ya yi nasarar fatattakar ‘yan Sweden, wadanda suka sake yin wani yunkuri na toshe Tekun Baltic daga Rasha a shekarar 1256.
Nevsky ya zama mai hankali da hangen nesa na siyasa. Ya yi watsi da yunƙurin Roman curia na haifar da yaƙi tsakanin Rasha da Golden Horde, saboda ya fahimci cewa a lokacin Tatar suna da ƙarfi sosai. Bugu da kari, ya fahimci cewa zai iya dogaro da goyon bayan Horde idan wani ya yi kokarin kalubalantar ikonsa.
A shekarar 1252 Andrei da Yaroslav, ‘yan’uwan Nevsky, sun tafi yaƙi da Tatar, amma sun ci su da yaƙi gaba ɗaya. Andrei har ma ya tsere zuwa Sweden, sakamakon haka ikon Vladimir ya ba Alexander.
Matsayin Alexander Nevsky a cikin tarihi masana ne ke tantance su ta hanyoyi daban-daban. Kodayake janar din ya kan kare kasarsa daga mamayar Turawan Yamma, amma a lokaci guda ya yi biyayya ga sarakunan Horde.
Yariman yakan ziyarci Batu, yana tabbatar masa da goyon baya. A cikin 1257, har ma ya ziyarci Novgorod tare da jakadun Tatar don tabbatar da Horde na taimakonsa.
Bugu da ƙari, lokacin da Vasily, ɗan Alexander, ya yi adawa da Tatar, Nevsky ya ba da umarnin a kai shi ƙasar Suzdal, kuma maimakon shi, ya kamata a saka Dmitry, ɗan shekara 7 kawai. A saboda wannan dalili, ana daukar manufofin kwamandan a matsayin mayaudara.
A cikin 1259, Alexander Nevsky, ta hanyar barazanar mamayewar Tatar, ya rinjayi Novgorodians don karɓar haraji ga Horde. Wannan wani aikin Nevsky ne, wanda baya girmama shi.
Rayuwar mutum
A shekarar 1239, basaraken ya auri 'yar Bryachislav ta Polotk mai suna Alexander. A cikin wannan ƙungiyar, ma'auratan suna da yarinya Evdokia da yara maza 4: Vasily, Dmitry, Andrey da Daniel.
Akwai sigar wanda Nevsky ya sami mata ta biyu - Vassa. Koyaya, da yawan masana tarihi sunyi imani cewa Vassa shine sunan zuhudu na matarsa Alexandra.
Mutuwa
A cikin 1262, Alexander Nevsky ya tafi Horde, yana fatan hana shirin Tatar-Mongol da aka shirya. Hakan ya faru ne sakamakon kisan gilla na masu karɓar haraji a cikin biranen Rasha da yawa.
A cikin Daular Mongol, kwamandan ya yi rashin lafiya mai tsanani, kuma ya dawo gida da kyar yana raye. Jim kaɗan kafin mutuwarsa, Alexander ya yi alwashi na zuhudu a ƙarƙashin sunan Alexis. Irin wannan aikin, tare da ƙin yarda da limaman Roman koyaushe na karɓar Katolika, ya sa yariman ya zama mafi soyuwa a tsakanin malaman addinin Rasha.
Alexander Nevsky ya mutu a ranar 14 ga Nuwamba, 1263 yana da shekara 42. An binne shi a cikin Vladimir, amma a cikin 1724 Peter the Great ya ba da umarnin a binne gawawwakin yariman a cikin gidan ibada na St. Petersburg Alexander Nevsky.
Alexander Nevsky ne ya ɗauki hoto
