Jean-Jacques Rousseau (1712-1778) - Franco-Swiss falsafa, marubuci kuma mai tunanin Haskakawa. Wakilin da ya fi kowa haskakawa.
Rousseau ana kiransa mai gabatar da juyin juya halin Faransa. Ya yi wa'azin "komawa ga dabi'a" kuma ya yi kira da a kafa cikakken daidaito tsakanin jama'a.
Akwai abubuwan ban sha'awa da yawa a cikin tarihin rayuwar Jean-Jacques Rousseau, wanda zamuyi magana akansa a cikin wannan labarin.
Don haka, ga takaitaccen tarihin rayuwar Jean-Jacques Rousseau.
Tarihin rayuwar Jean-Jacques Rousseau
Jean-Jacques Rousseau an haife shi a ranar 28 ga Yuni, 1712 a Geneva. Mahaifiyarsa, Suzanne Bernard, ta mutu yayin haihuwa, sakamakon abin da mahaifinsa Isaac Russo ya shiga cikin tarbiyyar masanin falsafa na gaba. Shugaban dangin yayi aiki a matsayin mai kera agogo da kuma malamin rawa.
Yara da samari
Yaron da Ishaku ya fi so shi ne Jean-Jacques, shi ya sa ya ke yawan amfani da lokacin hutu tare da shi. Tare da ɗansa, mahaifin ya yi karatun littafin tarihin makiyaya na Honoré d'Urfe "Astrea", wanda aka ɗauka babban abin tunawa da ingantaccen adabi na karni na 17.
Bugu da kari, suna da son karanta tarihin rayuwar mutanen da suka gabata kamar yadda Plutarch ya gabatar. Gaskiya mai ban sha'awa ita ce yayin da yake tunanin kansa a matsayin tsohon gwarzo ɗan Roman Scsevola Jean-Jacques ya ƙone hannunsa da gangan.
Sakamakon hari da makami da aka kaiwa wani mutum, aka tilastawa Russo Sr. tserewa daga garin. A sakamakon haka, kawun mahaifiya ya ɗauki tarbiyyar yaron.
Lokacin da Jean-Jacques ke kimanin shekara 11, an aika shi zuwa gidan kwana na Furotesta Lambercier, inda ya kwashe kimanin shekara 1. Bayan wannan, ya yi karatu tare da notary, sannan kuma tare da mai zane-zane. A wannan lokacin na tarihin rayuwarsa, Russo ya shagaltu da karatun kansa, yana karanta littattafai kowace rana.
Yayinda matashi yake karatu koda a lokutan aiki ne, sau da yawa yakan fuskanci mummunan rauni ga kansa. A cewar Jean-Jacques, wannan ya haifar da gaskiyar cewa ya koyi munafunci, ƙarya da sata abubuwa daban-daban.
A lokacin bazara na 1728, Rousseau ɗan shekaru 16 ya yanke shawarar tserewa daga Geneva. Ba da daɗewa ba ya sadu da wani malamin Katolika wanda ya ƙarfafa shi ya koma Katolika. Ya kwashe kimanin watanni 4 a cikin bangon gidan sufi, inda aka horar da masu shiga addini.
Sannan Jean-Jacques Rousseau ya fara aiki a matsayin lackey a cikin dangi mai fada aji, inda aka girmama shi da girmamawa. Bugu da ƙari, ɗan ƙidayar ya koya masa harshen Italiyanci kuma ya yi karatu tare da shi da waƙoƙin Virgil.
Bayan lokaci, Russo ya zauna tare da Misis Varane mai shekaru 30, wanda ya kira mahaifiyarsa "mahaifiyarsa". Matar ta koya masa rubutu da kyawawan halaye. Bugu da kari, ta shirya masa makarantar hauza, sannan ta ba shi koyon yadda ake wasa da gaɓa ga mawaƙi ɗaya.
Daga baya Jean-Jacques Rousseau ya bi ta Switzerland sama da shekaru 2, yana fuskantar matsaloli na rashin kuɗi. Ya kamata a lura cewa ya yi tafiya a ƙafa kuma ya kwana a kan titi, yana jin daɗin kaɗaici da yanayi.
Falsafa da Adabi
Kafin ya zama masanin falsafa, Rousseau ya sami nasarar aiki a matsayin sakatare da kuma malamin gida. A cikin waɗancan shekarun na tarihin rayuwarsa, ya fara nuna alamun farko na ɓatarwa - ƙaurace wa mutane da ƙiyayya da su.
Mutumin yana son tashi da sassafe, yana aiki a cikin lambun, da kallon dabbobi, tsuntsaye da kwari.
Ba da daɗewa ba Jean-Jacques ya zama mai sha'awar rubutu, yana wa'azin ra'ayinsa na rayuwa. A cikin ayyuka kamar su The Social Contract, New Eloise da Emile, ya nemi ya bayyana wa mai karatu dalilin wanzuwar rashin daidaiton zamantakewa.
Rousseau shine farkon wanda yayi kokarin tantance ko akwai wata hanyar kwangila da samar da kasar. Ya kuma yi jayayya cewa ya kamata dokoki su kare 'yan ƙasa daga gwamnati, wanda ba shi da ikon keta su. Bugu da ƙari, ya ba da shawarar cewa mutane da kansu suna yin lissafin kuɗi, wanda zai ba su damar sarrafa halayen jami'ai.
Tunanin Jean-Jacques Rousseau ya haifar da manyan canje-canje a tsarin jihar. An fara gudanar da zaben raba gardama, an rage wa'adin ikon majalisa, an gabatar da kudirin doka na mutane, da ƙari.
Ofayan mahimman ayyukan falsafa ana ɗaukarsa "Sabon Eloise". Marubucin da kansa ya kira wannan littafin mafi kyawun aiki wanda aka kirkira a cikin tsarin ilimin tarihin mutum. Wannan aikin ya ƙunshi haruffa 163 kuma an karɓe shi da farin ciki a Faransa. Bayan wannan ne aka fara kiran Jean-Jacques mahaifin soyayya a falsafa.
A lokacin zaman sa a Faransa, ya hadu da manyan mutane kamar Paul Holbach, Denis Diderot, Jean d'Alembert, Grimm da sauran mashahurai.
A cikin 1749, yayin da yake kurkuku, Rousseau ta haɗu da wata gasa da aka bayyana a cikin jarida. Taken gasar ya yi kusa da shi sosai kuma ya yi kara kamar haka: "Shin ci gaban ilimin kimiyya da fasaha ya ba da gudummawa ga lalacewar ɗabi'a ko, akasin haka, ya ba da gudummawa ga ci gaban su?"
Wannan ya sa Jean-Jacques ya rubuta sabbin ayyuka. Opera The Village Wizard (1753) ya kawo masa shahara mai girma. Kalmomin da zurfin karin waƙar sun bayyana ainihin ƙauyen. Gaskiya mai ban sha'awa ita ce, Louis 15 da kansa ya ba da labarin Coletta aria daga wannan wasan opera.
A lokaci guda, Sorauyen Villaauye, kamar couawabai, ya kawo matsaloli da yawa ga rayuwar Rousseau. Grimm da Holbach sunyi magana mara kyau game da aikin falsafa. Sun ɗora masa laifi game da demokraɗiyya irin ta demokraɗiyya da ke cikin waɗannan ayyukan.
Masu tarihin rayuwa sunyi nazari sosai tare da sha'awar ƙirƙirar tarihin rayuwar Jean-Jacques Rousseau - "Ikirari". Marubucin ya yi maganar gaskiya game da karfi da rauni na halayensa, wanda ya rinjayi mai karatu.
Ilmantarwa
Jean-Jacques Rousseau ya inganta hoton mutum na ɗabi'a wanda yanayin zamantakewar sa bai rinjayi shi ba. Ya ce tarbiyya ta farko tana shafar ci gaban yaro. Ya bayyana ra'ayoyin sa game da ilmantarwa daki-daki a cikin rubutun "Emil, ko A Ilimi".
Mai zurfin tunani ya soki tsarin karatun wancan lokacin. Musamman, ya yi magana mara kyau game da gaskiyar cewa cibiyar tarbiyya da al'adu coci ne, ba dimokiradiyya ba.
Russo ya bayyana cewa da farko ya zama dole a taimaka wa yaro don haɓaka ƙwarewar halittarsa, la'akari da wannan shine mafi mahimmancin ci gaba a ilimi. Ya kuma yi jayayya cewa daga haihuwa zuwa mutuwa, mutum yana ci gaba da bayyana sabbin halaye a cikin kansa kuma yana canza ra'ayinsa na duniya.
Sakamakon haka, jihar tana buƙatar haɓaka shirye-shiryen ilimi tare da la'akari da wannan lamarin. Kiristan kirki kuma mai bin doka ba shine abin da mutum yake buƙata ba. Rousseau da gaske ya yi imani da cewa akwai masu danniya da zalunci, kuma ba mahaifin uba ba ko 'yan ƙasa.
Jean-Jacques ya ƙarfafa iyaye maza da mata su koya wa yara aiki, haɓaka mutunci da kuma neman 'yanci. A lokaci guda, bai kamata mutum ya bi jagorancin yaron ba lokacin da ya fara farauta da nace wa nasa.
Matasan da yakamata su ji alhakin ayyukansu da son aikinsu sun cancanci kulawa sosai. Godiya ga wannan, zasu iya ciyar da kansu a gaba. Abin lura ne cewa malamin falsafar yana nufin haɓaka ilimin mutum, ɗabi'a da ci gaban mutum ta hanyar ilimin kwadago.
Jean-Jacques Rousseau ya ba da shawarar cusa wasu halaye a cikin yaro wanda ya dace da wani mataki na girman sa. Har zuwa shekaru biyu - ci gaban jiki, daga 2 zuwa 12 - mai son sha'awa, daga 12 zuwa 15 - mai hankali, daga shekaru 15 zuwa 18 - ɗabi'a.
Shugabannin dangi dole ne su riƙe haƙuri da juriya, amma a lokaci guda kada su “fasa” yaron, suna cusa masa mugayen ƙa'idodin zamantakewar zamani. Don kiyaye lafiyar yara da ƙarfi, ya kamata a ƙarfafa su su yi wasan motsa jiki da kuma fushi.
A samartaka, ya kamata mutum ya san duniyar da ke kewaye da shi tare da taimakon azanci, kuma ba ta hanyar karatun adabi ba. Karatu yana da wasu fa'idodi, amma a wannan shekarun zai haifar da gaskiyar cewa marubuci ya fara tunani don saurayi, kuma ba shi da kansa ba.
A sakamakon haka, mutum ba zai iya inganta tunaninsa ba kuma zai fara ɗaukar imani duk abin da zai ji daga waje. Don yaro ya zama mai wayo, iyaye ko masu kulawa suna buƙatar kulla dangantakar aminci da shi. Idan sun yi nasara, saurayi ko yarinyar da kansu za su so yin tambayoyi da kuma raba abubuwan da suka samu.
Daga cikin mahimman batutuwa da ya kamata yara suyi karatu, Rousseau ya ware: ilimin ƙasa, ilimin halittu, sunadarai da kimiyyar lissafi. A lokacin sauyawar zamani, mutum yana da tausayawa musamman mai nuna damuwa, don haka bai kamata iyaye su rinjayi halin kirki ba, amma suyi kokarin cusa dabi'un kirki ga matashi.
Lokacin da yaro ko yarinya suka kai shekaru 20, ya kamata a gabatar da su ga ayyukan zamantakewar. Gaskiya mai ban sha'awa ita ce cewa ba a buƙatar wannan matakin ga 'yan mata ba. Hakkin dan adam an tsara shi ne da farko ga maza.
A cikin ilimin koyarwa, tunanin Jean-Jacques Rousseau ya zama mai neman sauyi, sakamakon haka gwamnati ta dauke su da hadari ga al'umma. Abin mamaki ne cewa aikin "Emil, ko A Ilimi" ya ƙone, kuma an ba da umarnin kame marubucinsa.
Godiya ga farin ciki daidaito, Rousseau ya sami damar tserewa zuwa Switzerland. Koyaya, ra'ayoyinsa sunyi tasiri sosai akan tsarin ilimin tarbiyya na wancan zamanin.
Rayuwar mutum
Matar Jean-Jacques ita ce Teresa Levasseur, wacce ta kasance mai aiki a wani otal a Paris. Ta fito ne daga dangin talakawa kuma, ba kamar mijinta ba, ba ta bambanta da hankali da fasaha na musamman. Abin sha'awa, ba ta iya faɗin ko wane lokaci ne.
Rousseau ya fito fili ya bayyana cewa bai taɓa son Teresa ba, yana aurenta ne kawai bayan shekaru 20 na rayuwar aure.
A cewar mutumin, yana da yara biyar, kuma dukkansu an tura su gidan marayu. Jean-Jacques ya ba da hujjar wannan ta yadda ba shi da kuɗin ciyar da yaran, sakamakon haka ba za su bar shi ya yi aiki cikin kwanciyar hankali ba.
Rousseau ya kuma kara da cewa ya fi son ya zama daga zuriyar talakawa, maimakon masu kasada, wadanda shi kansa yake. Ya kamata a lura cewa babu hujjoji game da cewa da gaske yana da yara.
Mutuwa
Jean-Jacques Rousseau ya mutu a ranar 2 ga Yuli, 1778 yana da shekara 66 a cikin ƙasar Chateau d'Hermenonville. Babban amininsa, Marquis de Girardin, ya kawo shi nan a 1777, wanda ke son inganta lafiyar mai tunani.
A saboda kansa, Marquis har ma sun shirya kide kide da wake-wake a tsibirin da ke wurin shakatawa. Russo yana son wannan wurin sosai don haka ya nemi abokinsa ya binne shi a nan.
A lokacin Juyin Juya Hali na Faransa, an tura ragowar Jean-Jacques Rousseau zuwa Pantheon. Amma bayan shekaru 20, wasu masu kishin addini 2 sun saci tokarsa suka jefa shi cikin ramin lemun tsami.
Hoton Jean-Jacques Rousseau
