Varlam Tikhonovich Shalamov (1907-1982) - Marubuci kuma marubucin marubucin wakokin Soviet na Rasha, wanda aka fi sani da marubucin zagayowar ayyukan "Kolyma Tatsuniyoyi", wanda ke ba da labarin rayuwar fursunoni na sansanonin tilastawa na Soviet a lokacin 1930-1950.
A cikin duka, ya yi shekaru 16 a sansanonin da ke Kolyma: 14 a cikin aiki gaba ɗaya kuma a matsayin ɗan kurkuku mai kula da lafiya, da kuma ƙarin 2 bayan sake shi.
Akwai abubuwan ban sha'awa da yawa a cikin tarihin rayuwar Shalamov, wanda zamuyi magana akansa a cikin wannan labarin.
Don haka, a gabanku akwai ɗan gajeren tarihin Varlam Shalamov.
Tarihin rayuwar Shalamov
An haifi Varlam Shalamov a ranar 5 ga Yuni (18), 1907 a Vologda. Ya girma a cikin gidan firist na Orthodox Tikhon Nikolaevich da matarsa Nadezhda Alexandrovna. Shi ɗan ƙarami ne daga cikin yara 5 da suka rage na iyayensa.
Yara da samari
Marubuci na gaba daga ƙuruciya an rarrabe shi da son sani. Lokacin da yake ɗan shekara 3 kawai, mahaifiyarsa ta koya masa karatu. Bayan haka, yaron ya ba da lokaci mai yawa kawai ga littattafai.
Ba da daɗewa ba Shalamov ya fara rubuta baitukan sa na farko. Tun yana shekara 7, iyayensa suka tura shi gidan motsa jiki na maza. Koyaya, saboda ɓarkewar juyi da yaƙin basasa, ya sami damar sauke karatu daga makaranta kawai a 1923.
Tare da zuwan ikon Bolsheviks, yana yada atheism, dangin Shalamov dole su jimre da matsaloli da yawa. Gaskiya mai ban sha'awa ita ce ɗayan 'ya'yan Tikhon Nikolaevich, Valery, ya ƙi mahaifinsa, firist a fili.
Farawa a cikin 1918, Sr. Shalamov ya daina karɓar kuɗi saboda shi. Fashin gidansa aka yi masa sata kuma daga baya aka kara matse shi. Don taimakawa iyayensa, Varlam ya siyar da pies da mahaifiyarsa ta toya a kasuwa. Duk da tsananin tsanantawa, shugaban gidan ya ci gaba da wa’azi ko da ya makance a farkon 1920s.
Bayan kammala makaranta, Varlam ya so ya sami ilimi mai zurfi, amma tun da yake ɗan malamin addini ne, an hana mutumin yin karatu a jami'a. A 1924 ya tafi Moscow, inda ya yi aiki a masana'antar sarrafa fata.
A lokacin tarihin rayuwar 1926-1928. Varlam Shalamov yayi karatu a Jami'ar Jihar ta Moscow a Kwalejin Shari'a. An kore shi daga jami'a "saboda ɓoye asalin zamantakewar sa."
Gaskiyar ita ce lokacin da ake cike takardun, mai neman ya sanya mahaifinsa a matsayin "ma'aikacin nakasassu," ba "malamin addini," kamar yadda 'yan uwansa dalibin suka nuna a cikin la'antar ba. Wannan ita ce farkon matsin lamba, wanda a nan gaba zai mamaye rayuwar Shalamov gaba daya.
Kamawa da ɗaurin kurkuku
A cikin shekarun karatunsa, Varlam memba ne na da'irar tattaunawa, inda suka yi tir da tarin ƙarfi a hannun Stalin da ficewarsa daga manufofin Lenin.
A cikin 1927, Shalamov ya shiga cikin zanga-zangar girmama shekaru 10 na Juyin Juya Halin Oktoba. Tare da mutane masu tunani iri ɗaya, ya yi kira da murabus ɗin Stalin tare da komawa ga gadon Ilyich. Bayan wasu shekaru, an kama shi a karo na farko a matsayin mai taimaka wa ƙungiyar Trotskyist, bayan haka an tura shi zuwa sansanin na tsawon shekaru 3.
Daga wannan lokacin a cikin tarihin rayuwa, farautar gidan yarin na tsawon lokaci na Varlam, wanda zai ci gaba fiye da shekaru 20. Yayi hidimarsa ta farko a sansanin Vishersky, inda a bazarar 1929 aka dauke shi daga kurkukun Butyrka.
A arewacin Urals, Shalamov da sauran fursunoni sun gina babbar masana'antar sinadarai. A lokacin bazarar 1931 an sake shi gabanin lokacin da aka tsara, a sakamakon haka yana iya komawa Moscow.
A cikin babban birni, Varlam Tikhonovich ya tsunduma cikin rubuce-rubuce, tare da haɗin gwiwa tare da gidajen buga littattafai. Kimanin shekaru 5 daga baya, an sake tunatar da shi game da "Ra'ayoyin Trotskyist" kuma an zarge shi da ayyukan tayar da kayar baya.
A wannan karon an yanke wa mutumin hukuncin shekara 5, bayan da aka aike shi zuwa Magadan a shekarar 1937. Anan aka sanya shi cikin nau'ikan aiki mawuyacin hali - ma'adinan fuskar gwal. Ya kamata a saki Shalamov a cikin 1942, amma bisa ga dokar gwamnati, ba a ba da izinin sakin fursunoni har zuwa karshen Babban Yaƙin rioasa (1941-1945).
A lokaci guda, Varlam ya kasance ana "ɗorawa" kan sabbin sharuɗɗa a ƙarƙashin labarai daban-daban, gami da "shari'ar lauyoyi" da "ƙiyayya da Soviet." A sakamakon haka, ajalinsa ya karu zuwa shekaru 10.
A tsawon shekarun tarihinsa, Shalamov ya sami damar ziyartar ma'adinai 5 na Kolyma, yana aiki a ma'adinai, tona ramuka, sare itace, da dai sauransu. Tare da barkewar yakin, yanayin lamura ya tabarbare ta wata hanya ta musamman. Gwamnatin Soviet ta rage ƙarancin ragin da aka riga aka bayar, sakamakon hakan fursunoni suna kama da matattun masu rai.
Kowane fursuna yana tunani ne kawai game da inda zai sami aƙalla ɗan burodi. Wadanda ba su da sa'a sun sha decoction na allurar Pine don hana ci gaban scurvy. Varlamov akai-akai yana kwance a asibitocin sansanin, yana daidaita tsakanin rayuwa da mutuwa. Saboda tsananin yunwa, aiki tuƙuru da rashin bacci, ya yanke shawarar tserewa tare da sauran fursunonin.
Tserewar da ba a yi nasara ba ta sa yanayin ya ta'azzara A matsayin hukunci, an aika Shalamov zuwa yankin azabtarwa. A cikin 1946, a cikin Susuman, ya sami damar isar da sanarwa ga wani likita da ya sani, Andrei Pantyukhov, wanda ya yi iya ƙoƙarinsa don sanya fursunan mara lafiya a sashin lafiya.
Daga baya, an ba Varlamov izinin yin kwas na watanni 8 don likitocin. Yanayin rayuwa a kwasa-kwasan bai dace da tsarin sansanin ba. A sakamakon haka, har zuwa karshen wa'adin mulkinsa, ya yi aiki a matsayin mai taimakawa likita. A cewar Shalamov, yana bin rayuwarsa ne zuwa Pantyukhov.
Bayan an karɓi sakin nasa, amma an tauye masa haƙƙinsa, Varlam Tikhonovich ya yi aiki na wasu shekaru 1.5 a Yakutia, yana tattara kuɗi don tikitin zuwa gida. Ya sami damar zuwa Moscow kawai a cikin 1953.
Halitta
Bayan ƙarshen wa'adin farko, Shalamov ya yi aiki a matsayin ɗan jarida a cikin mujallu da jaridu babban birnin ƙasar. A cikin 1936, an buga labarinsa na farko a cikin shafukan "Oktoba".
Haɗin hanyar zuwa sansanin gyara ya canza aikinsa sosai. Yayin da yake yanke hukunci, Varlam ya ci gaba da rubuta waƙoƙi da yin zane don ayyukansa na gaba. Har ma a wannan lokacin, ya dukufa wajen fadawa duniya baki daya gaskiyar abin da ke faruwa a sansanonin Soviet.
Da ya dawo gida, Shalamov ya dukufa ga rubutu. Mafi shahararren shine sanannen zagayensa "Kolyma Tatsuniyoyi", an rubuta shi a 1954-1973.
A cikin wadannan ayyukan, Varlam ya bayyana ba wai kawai yanayin tsare fursunoni ba, har ma da makomar mutanen da tsarin ya karya. An hana shi kowane abu da ake buƙata don cikakken rayuwa, mutum ya daina zama mutum. A cewar marubucin, karfin jin kai da mutunta juna atrophies lokacin da batun rayuwa ya bayyana.
Marubucin ya saba wa buga "labaran Kolyma" a matsayin na daban, saboda haka, a cikin cikakken tarin, an buga su a Rasha bayan mutuwarsa. Ya kamata a lura cewa an ɗauki fim bisa ga wannan aikin a cikin 2005.
Gaskiya mai ban sha'awa ita ce Shalamov ya soki Alexander Solzhenitsyn, marubucin ƙungiyar asiri "Gulag Archipelago". A ra'ayinsa, ya yi wa kansa suna ta hanyar yin tsokaci kan batun sansanin.
A tsawon shekarun tarihinsa na kirkire-kirkire, Varlam Shalamov ya wallafa tarin waƙoƙi da yawa, ya rubuta wasan kwaikwayo 2 da 5 labaru da labarai na rayuwar mutum. Bugu da kari, rubutun nasa, litattafan rubutu da wasika sun cancanci kulawa ta musamman.
Rayuwar mutum
Matar farko ta Varlam ita ce Galina Gudz, wacce ya sadu da ita a Vishlager. A cewarsa, "ya sata" daga wani fursuna, wanda yarinyar ta zo wurin kwanan wata. Wannan auren, wanda aka haifa yarinyar Elena, ya kasance daga 1934 zuwa 1956.
A lokacin kame marubuci na biyu, an yiwa Galina danniya kuma an tura ta zuwa wani kauye mai nisa na Turkmenistan. Ta zauna a can har 1946. Ma'auratan sun sami damar saduwa kawai a 1953, amma ba da daɗewa ba suka yanke shawarar barin.
Bayan haka, Shalamov ya auri marubucin yara Olga Neklyudova. Ma'auratan sun zauna tare tsawon shekaru 10 - babu yara gama gari. Bayan saki a cikin 1966 har zuwa ƙarshen rayuwarsa, mutumin ya rayu shi kaɗai.
Mutuwa
A cikin shekarun ƙarshe na rayuwarsa, yanayin lafiyar Varlam Tikhonovich ya kasance mai matukar wahala. Shekaru da yawa na gajiyar aiki a iyakar iyawar ɗan adam sun ji kansu.
Komawa ƙarshen ƙarshen shekarun 50, marubucin ya sami nakasa saboda cutar Meniere, cuta ta cikin kunne na ciki, wanda ke tattare da hare-hare masu saurin faruwa na rashin ji, tinnitus, jiri, rashin daidaituwa da kuma rikitarwa. A cikin shekaru 70s, ya rasa gani da jin sa.
Shalamov ba zai iya sake hade motsin kansa ba ya koma da wahala. A cikin 1979 an sanya shi a cikin House of Invalids. Bayan 'yan shekaru bayan haka, ya sha wahala a bugun jini, sakamakon abin da suka yanke shawarar tura shi zuwa makarantar kwana mai ilimin tabin hankali.
A yayin safarar, tsohon ya kamu da mura kuma ya kamu da cutar nimoniya, wanda ya yi sanadin mutuwarsa. Varlam Shalamov ya mutu a ranar 17 ga Janairu, 1982 yana da shekara 74. Duk da cewa bai yarda da Allah ba, likitansa, Elena Zakharova, ta nace cewa a binne shi bisa ga al'adar Orthodox.
Hotunan Shalamov
